Events

• 1258 – First Mongol invasion of Đại Việt: Đại Việt defeats the Mongols at the battle of Đông Bộ Đầu, forcing the Mongols to withdraw from the country.
• 1814 – War of the Sixth Coalition: France defeats Russia and Prussia in the Battle of Brienne.
• 1819 – Stamford Raffles lands on the island of Singapore.
• 1834 – US President Andrew Jackson orders first use of federal soldiers to suppress a labour dispute.
• 1850 – Henry Clay introduces the Compromise of 1850 to the US Congress.
• 1856 – Queen Victoria issues a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual that establishes the Victoria Cross to recognise acts of valour by British military personnel during the Crimean War.
• 1863 – The Bear River Massacre: A detachment of California Volunteers led by Colonel Patrick Edward Connor engage the Shoshone at Bear River, Washington Territory, killing hundreds of men, women and children.
• 1916 – World War I: Paris is first bombed by German zeppelins.
• 1918 – Ukrainian–Soviet War: The Bolshevik Red Army, on its way to besiege Kiev, is met by a small group of military students at the Battle of Kruty.
• 1918 – Ukrainian–Soviet War: An armed uprising organised by the Bolsheviks in anticipation of the encroaching Red Army begins at the Kiev Arsenal, which will be put down six days later.
• 1943 – World War II: The first day of the Battle of Rennell Island, USS Chicago (CA-29) is torpedoed and heavily damaged by Japanese bombers.
• 1944 – World War II: Approximately 38 people are killed and about a dozen injured when the Polish village of Koniuchy (present-day Kaniūkai, Lithuania) is attacked by Soviet partisan units.
• 1944 – In Bologna, Italy, the Anatomical theatre of the Archiginnasio is completely destroyed in an air-raid, during the Second World War.
• 1989 – Cold War: Hungary establishes diplomatic relations with South Korea, making it the first Eastern Bloc nation to do so.
• 1991 – Gulf War: The Battle of Khafji, the first major ground engagement of the war, as well as its deadliest, begins.
• 1996 – President Jacques Chirac announces a “definitive end” to French nuclear weapons testing.

People (Births)

• 1717 – Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, English field marshal and politician, 19th Governor General of Canada (d. 1797).
• 1754 – Moses Cleaveland, American general, lawyer, and politician, founded Cleveland, Ohio (d. 1806).
• 1756 – Henry Lee III, American general and politician, 9th Governor of Virginia (d. 1818).
• 1843 – William McKinley, American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 25th President of the United States (d. 1901).
• 1877 – Georges Catroux, French general and diplomat (d. 1969).
• 1970 – Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, Indian colonel and politician.

People (Deaths)

• 757 – An Lushan, Chinese general (b. 703).
• 870 – Salih ibn Wasif, Muslim general.
• 1737 – George Hamilton, 1st Earl of Orkney, Scottish-English field marshal and politician, Colonial Governor of Virginia (b. 1666).
• 1829 – Paul François Jean Nicolas, vicomte de Barras, French captain and politician (b. 1755).
• 1928 – Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig, Scottish field marshal (b. 1861).
• 1931 – Henri Mathias Berthelot, French general during World War I (b. 1861).
• 1941 – Ioannis Metaxas, Greek general and politician, 130th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1871).
• 1970 – B. H. Liddell Hart, French-English soldier, historian, and journalist (b. 1895).
• 2002 – Harold Russell, Canadian-American soldier and actor (b. 1914).
• 2012 – Ranjit Singh Dyal, Indian general and politician, 10th Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry (b. 1928).
• 2015 – Alexander Vraciu, American commander and pilot (b. 1918).