What was Executive Order 13139?

Introduction Executive Order 13139 – entitled Improving Health Protection of Military Personnel Participating in Particular Military Operations – as an executive order (EO) issued by US President Bill Clinton on 30 September 1999. Purpose It outlines the conditions under which Investigational New Drug (IND) and off-label pharmaceuticals can be administered to US service members. An… Read More

What was the Shanghai Massacre (1927)?

Introduction The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China, was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organisations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party, or… Read More