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What is the International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict?

Introduction The International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict is an international day observed annually on 06 November. Background The International Day for Preventing the Exploitation of the Environment in War and Armed Conflict was established on 05 November 2001, by the United Nations General Assembly, during Kofi… Read More

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What is a Cobalt Bomb?

Introduction A cobalt bomb is a type of “salted bomb”: a nuclear weapon designed to produce enhanced amounts of radioactive fallout, intended to contaminate a large area with radioactive material, potentially for the purpose of radiological warfare, mutual assured destruction or as doomsday devices. Brief History The concept of a cobalt bomb was originally described… Read More

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What was the Special Atomic Demolition Munition?

Introduction The Special Atomic Demolition Munition (SADM), also known as the XM129 and XM159 Atomic Demolition Charges, and the B54 bomb was a nuclear man-portable atomic demolition munition (ADM) system fielded by the US military from the 1960s to 1980s but never used in combat. Brief History and Design At the time of the weapon’s… Read More

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Who was Thomas J. Higgins?

Introduction Thomas J. Higgins (08 June 1831 to 15 August 1917) was a Union Army soldier during the American Civil War who was a recipient of America’s highest military decoration, the Medal of Honour, for his actions at the Battle of Vicksburg. Higgins joined the 99th Illinois Infantry in August 1862, and was mustered out… Read More

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Who was John J. Toffey?

Introduction John James Toffey (01 June 1844 to 13 March 1911) was a United States Union Army officer during the American Civil War who received the Medal of Honour. Civil War Serving first as a Private in Company C, 21st New Jersey Volunteer Infantry (a nine-month service regiment) from 28 August 1862 to 19 June… Read More