Introduction The Battle of Edgehill (or Edge Hill) was a pitched battle of the First English Civil War. It was fought near Edge Hill and Kineton in southern Warwickshire on Sunday, 23 October 1642. All attempts at constitutional compromise between King Charles and Parliament broke down early in 1642. Both the King and Parliament raised… Read More
Introduction The Auld Alliance (Scots for “Old Alliance”; French: Vieille Alliance; Scottish Gaelic: An Seann-chaidreachas) was an alliance made in 1295 between the kingdoms of Scotland and France for the purpose of controlling England’s numerous invasions. The Scots word auld, meaning old, has become a partly affectionate term for the long-lasting association between the two… Read More
Introduction The Battle of Grathe Heath was fought in 1157 between the Danish armies of Valdemar I and his rival for the Danish throne, Sweyn III. Valdemar’s forces won the battle, and Sweyn III was slain while attempting to flee. Background The battle of Grathe (Grey) Heath on 23 October 1157 marked the end of… Read More
Introduction The Battle of Sagrajas (23 October 1086), also called Zalaca or Zallaqa (Arabic: معركة الزلاقة, romanised: Maʿrakat az-Zallāqa), was a battle between the Almoravid army led by their King Yusuf ibn Tashfin and an army led by the Castilian King Alfonso VI. The battleground was later called az-Zallaqah (in English “slippery ground”) because of… Read More
Introduction The Battle of Philippi was the final battle in the Wars of the Second Triumvirate between the forces of Mark Antony and Octavian (of the Second Triumvirate) and the leaders of Julius Caesar’s assassination, Brutus and Cassius in 42 BC, at Philippi in Macedonia. The Second Triumvirate declared the civil war ostensibly to avenge… Read More
“If the leader is filled with high ambition and if he pursues his aims with audacity and strength of will, he will reach them in spite of all obstacles.” Carl von Clausewitz (1780 to 1831) Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz was a Prussian general and military thinker, whose work Vom Kriege (1832; On War) has… Read More
Research Paper Title A Theory of Planned Behaviour-Based Programme to Increase Physical Activity in Overweight/Obese Military Personnel: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Background Designing a health promotion program to increase physical activity may contribute to weight management. The purpose of this study was to investigate a theory of planned behaviour (TPB) programme to address this problem… Read More
