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What was Operation Sundown (1984)?

Introduction Operation Sundown was codename of a covert plan of India’s external intelligence agency Research & Analysis Wing (R&AW), in which the Special Group, which is an ultra-secretive armed unit of the R&AW, was to abduct Sikh extremist leader Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale from Guru Nanak Niwas in the Golden Temple complex, Amritsar. A R&AW unit… Read More

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What was the Zeebrugge Raid (1918)?

Introduction The Zeebrugge Raid (Dutch: Aanval op de haven van Zeebrugge; French: Raid sur Zeebruges) on 23 April 1918, was an attempt by the Royal Navy to block the Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge during World War I. The British intended to sink obsolete ships in the canal entrance, to prevent German vessels from leaving port.… Read More

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What was Operation Collar (1940)?

Introduction Operation Collar was the codeword for the first commando raid, conducted by the British forces, during the Second World War. The location selected for the raid was the Pas-de-Calais department on the French coast. The British Commandos had not long been formed and were not yet trained, so the operation was given to No.… Read More

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What is Intensified Submarine Warfare?

Introduction Intensified submarine warfare, a form of submarine warfare practiced by Germany in the first months of 1916, represented a German political compromise between the internationally recognised Prize Rules (which made submarines virtually ineffective as commerce raiders) and unrestricted submarine warfare (in which submarines sink merchant ships operating in designated War Zones without warning, and… Read More

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What is Unrestricted Submarine Warfare?

Introduction Unrestricted submarine warfare is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink vessels such as freighters and tankers without warning, as opposed to attacks per prize rules (also known as “cruiser rules”). Prize rules call for warships to search merchantmen and place crews in “a place of safety” (for which lifeboats do not… Read More