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What was the Hong Kong Junta?

Introduction The Hong Kong Junta was an organisation formed as a revolutionary government in exile by Filipino revolutionaries after the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato on 15 December 1897. It was headed by Emilio Aguinaldo and included high-level figures in the Philippine revolution against Spanish rule who accompanied Aguinaldo into exile in the Crown… Read More

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An Overview of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1898)

Introduction The Philippine Revolution was a conflict waged by the Filipino revolutionaries against the Spanish colonial authorities in an attempt to win the archipelago’s independence. The Philippine Revolution began on 24 August 1896, when the Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan, an anticolonial secret organisation. The Katipunan, led by Andrés Bonifacio, began to influence much of… Read More

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What was the Siege of Baler (1898-1899)?

Introduction The siege of Baler (Filipino: Pagkubkob sa Baler; Spanish: Sitio de Baler) was a battle of the Philippine Revolution (1896-1898). Filipino revolutionaries laid siege to a fortified church defended by Spanish troops in the town of Baler, Aurora, for 337 days, from 01 July 1898 until 02 June 1899. The war had ended with… Read More

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What were the Volunteer Fighting Corps?

Introduction Volunteer Fighting Corps (国民義勇戦闘隊, Kokumin Giyū Sentōtai) were armed civil defence units planned in 1945 in the Empire of Japan as a last desperate measure to defend the Japanese home islands against the projected Allied invasion during Operation Downfall (Ketsugo Sakusen) in the final stages of World War II. They were the Japanese equivalent… Read More

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An Overview of the Indian Army’s Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School

Commando Training, Jungle Warfare, Belize (1)

Introduction The Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (CIJWS) in Vairengte, Mizoram, India is a training and research establishment of the Indian Army specialising in unconventional warfare, especially counter-insurgency and guerrilla warfare. CIJWS is one of the premier counter-insurgency training institutions in the world. The school’s motto is to “fight the guerrilla like a guerrilla”. Brief… Read More

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An Overview of Jungle Warfare

Commando Training, Jungle Warfare, Belize (1)

Introduction Jungle warfare (also known as woodland warfare) is warfare in forests, jungles, or similar environments. The term encompasses military operations affected by the terrain, climate, vegetation, and wildlife of densely-wooded areas, as well as the strategies and tactics used by military forces in these situations and environments. Refer to Counter-Insurgency and Jungle Warfare School.… Read More

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An Overview of the US Army Sniper School

Introduction The US Army Sniper Course trains selected military members assigned to sniper positions in the skills necessary to deliver long-range precision fire and the collection of battlefield information. Students will receive training in fieldcraft skills, advanced camouflage techniques, concealed movement, target detection, range estimation, terrain utilisation, intelligence preparation of the battlefield (IPB), relevant reporting… Read More