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What was the Battle of Callinicum (531 AD)?

Introduction The Battle of Callinicum took place on Easter Saturday, 19 April 531 AD, between the armies of the Byzantine Empire under Belisarius and a Sasanian cavalry force under Azarethes. After a defeat at the Battle of Dara (530 AD), the Sasanians moved to invade Syria in an attempt to turn the tide of the… Read More

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What was the Pisonian Conspiracy (65 AD)?

Introduction The conspiracy of Gaius Calpurnius Piso in AD 65 was a major turning point in the reign of the Roman emperor Nero (reign 54-68 AD). The plot reflected the growing discontent among the ruling class of the Roman state with Nero’s increasingly despotic leadership, and as a result is a significant event on the… Read More

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What was Operation Claret (1964-1966)?

Introduction Claret was the code name given to operations conducted from about July 1964 until July 1966 from East Malaysia (Sarawak and Sabah) across the border in Indonesian Kalimantan during the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation (1963-1966). They were instigated by the Director of Borneo Operations (DOBOPS) Major General Walter Walker with the agreement of the British and… Read More

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What was the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation (1963-1966)?

Introduction The Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation or Borneo confrontation (also known by its Indonesian/Malay name, Konfrontasi) was a violent conflict from 20 January 1963 to 11 August 1966 that stemmed from Indonesia’s opposition to the creation of Malaysia. The creation of Malaysia was the amalgamation of the Federation of Malaya (now Peninsular Malaysia), Singapore and the crown… Read More

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What is an Undeclared War?

Introduction An undeclared war is military conflict between two or more nations without either side issuing a formal declaration of war. Overview The term is sometimes used to include any disagreement or conflict fought about without an official declaration. Since the United Nations police action in Korea, a number of democratic governments have pursued disciplinary… Read More

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What was the Battle of Algiers (1956-1957)?

Introduction The Battle of Algiers was a campaign of urban guerrilla warfare carried out by the National Liberation Front (FLN) against the French Algerian authorities from 30 September 1956 to 24 September 1957. The conflict began as a series of attacks by the FLN against the French forces followed by a terrorist attack on Algerian… Read More