Events 1003 – Boleslaus III is restored to authority with armed support from Bolesław I the Brave of Poland. 1654 – The Capture of Fort Rocher takes place during the Anglo-Spanish War. 1775 – American Revolutionary War: The British Parliament declares Massachusetts in rebellion. 1788 – The Habsburg Empire joins the Russo-Turkish War in the… Read More
Events 1238 – The Mongols burn the Russian city of Vladimir. 1250 – Seventh Crusade: Crusaders engage Ayyubid forces in the Battle of Al Mansurah. 1347 – The Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 ends with a power-sharing agreement between John VI Kantakouzenos and John V Palaiologos. 1587 – Mary, Queen of Scots, is executed on… Read More
Events 987 – Bardas Phokas the Younger and Bardas Skleros, Byzantine generals of the military elite, begin a wide-scale rebellion against Emperor Basil II. 1301 – Edward of Caernarvon (later king Edward II of England) becomes the first English Prince of Wales. 1313 – King Thihathu founds the Pinya Kingdom as the de jure successor… Read More
Introduction Afghan Independence Day is celebrated as a national holiday in Afghanistan on 19 August to commemorate the Anglo-Afghan Treaty of 1919 and relinquishment from protected state status. The treaty granted a complete neutral relation between Afghanistan and Britain. Afghanistan had become a British protectorate after the Treaty of Gandamak was signed (1879) in the… Read More
Introduction Afghan Liberation Day is celebrated each year on February 15 in Afghanistan. Refer to Afghan Independence Day and Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989). Background It marks the country’s liberation from the Soviet Union with the final departure on 15 February 1989 of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. The Soviet Army had been present in Afghanistan since the… Read More
Introduction Total Defence is Singapore’s whole-of-society national defence concept, based on the premise that every aspect of society contributes to the collective defence of the state. The strategy was first introduced in 1984 and adopted from the national defence strategies of Sweden and Switzerland. It initially consisted of five key tenets; military, civil, economic, social,… Read More
Introduction Julian A. Scott (14 February 1846 to 04 July 1901), was born in Johnson, Vermont, and served as a Union Army drummer during the American Civil War, where he received America’s highest military decoration the Medal of Honour for his actions at the Battle of Lee’s Mills. He was also an American painter and… Read More
