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What was the Plan Dog Memo (1940)?

Introduction The Plan Dog memorandum was a 1940 American government document written by Chief of Naval Operations Harold Stark. It has been called “one of the best known documents of World War II.” Confronting the problem of an expected two-front war against Germany and Italy in Europe and Japan in the Pacific, the memo set… Read More

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What is the Dieppe Canadian War Cemetary?

Introduction Dieppe Canadian War Cemetery is a Second World War military war grave cemetery, located in the village of Hautot-sur-Mer, 5 km (3.1 miles) south of Dieppe in Normandy, France. It contains Canadian and British soldiers killed during the Dieppe Raid on the 18/19 August 1942. This large scale daylight assault on a fortified objective… Read More

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What is the Pearl Harbour Advance-Knowledge Conspiracy Theory?

Introduction Various conspiracy theories allege that US government officials had advance knowledge of Japan’s 07 December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbour. Ever since the Japanese attack, there has been debate as to why and how the United States had been caught off guard, and how much and when American officials knew of Japanese plans for… Read More

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What was the ‘A Total and Unmitigated Defeat’ Speech (1938)?

Introduction A Total and Unmitigated Defeat was a speech by Winston Churchill in the House of Commons at Westminster on Wednesday 05 October 1938, the third day of the Munich Agreement debate. Signed five days earlier by Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, the agreement met the demands of Nazi Germany in respect of the Czechoslovak region… Read More

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What was Peace for Our Time?

Introduction “Peace for our time” was a declaration made by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain in his 30 September 1938 remarks in London concerning the Munich Agreement and the subsequent Anglo-German Declaration. The phrase echoed Benjamin Disraeli, who, upon returning from the Congress of Berlin in 1878, had stated, “I have returned from Germany with… Read More