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What was the Siege of Carthage (149-146 BC)?

Introduction The Siege of Carthage was the main engagement of the Third Punic War and was fought between Carthage and Rome. It consisted of the nearly-three-year siege of the Carthaginian capital, Carthage (a little north east of modern Tunis). In 149 BC a large Roman army landed at Utica in North Africa. The Carthaginians hoped… Read More

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What was the Battle of Lake Tunis (149 BC)?

Introduction The Battle of Lake Tunis was a series of engagements of the Third Punic War fought in 149 BC between the Carthaginians and the Roman Republic. Initial Assault When the Roman consuls Manius Manilius and Lucius Marcius Censorinus made their beachhead at Carthage, they deployed separately in two different locations; Manilius set up his… Read More

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What was the Third Punic War (149-146 BC)?

Introduction The Third Punic War (149-146 BC) was the third and last of the Punic Wars fought between Carthage and Rome. The war was fought entirely within Carthaginian territory, in modern northern Tunisia. When the Second Punic War ended in 201 BC, one of the terms of the peace treaty prohibited Carthage from waging war… Read More

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What was the Second Punic War (218-201 BC)?

Introduction The Second Punic War (Spring 218 BC to 201 BC) was the second of three wars fought between Carthage and Rome, the two main powers of the western Mediterranean in the 3rd century BC. Refer to the First Punic War (264-241 BC) and Third Punic War (149-146 BC). For seventeen years, the two states… Read More

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What was the Turkish Military Memorandum (1971)?

Introduction The 1971 Turkish military memorandum (Turkish: 12 Mart Muhtırası), issued on 12 March that year, was the second military intervention to take place in the Republic of Turkey, coming 11 years after its 1960 predecessor. It is known as the “coup by memorandum”, which the military delivered in lieu of sending out tanks, as… Read More