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What was the Declaration of Arbroath?

Introduction The Declaration of Arbroath (Latin: Declaratio Arbroathis; Scots: Declaration o Aiberbrothock; Scottish Gaelic: Tiomnadh Bhruis) is the name usually given to a letter, dated 06 April 1320 at Arbroath, written by Scottish barons and addressed to Pope John XXII. It constituted King Robert I’s response to his excommunication for disobeying the pope’s demand in… Read More

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What was the Lord High Constable (of Sweden)?

Introduction The Lord High Constable (Swedish: Riksmarsk or only Marsk) was a prominent and influential office in Sweden, from the 13th century until 1676, excluding periods when the office was out of use. The office holder was a member of the Swedish Privy Council and, from 1630 and on, the head of the Swedish Council… Read More

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What is the Lord Marshal (of Sweden)?

Introduction Lantmarskalk, (English: Lord Marshal) was the title of one of the speakers of the Swedish Riksdag of the Estates, from 1627 to 1866 and of the Diet of Grand Duchy of Finland from 1809 to 1906. Background The Lantmarskalk was appointed by the Estate of the Nobles and also served as its speaker (talman).… Read More

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What was the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939)?

Introduction The Spanish Civil War (Spanish: Guerra Civil Española) was a civil war in Spain fought from 1936 to 1939. Republicans loyal to the left-leaning Popular Front government of the Second Spanish Republic, in alliance with anarchists, of the communist and syndicalist variety, fought against a revolt by the Nationalists, an alliance of Falangists, monarchists,… Read More

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What was Tragic Week (Spain) (1909)?

Introduction Tragic Week (in Catalan la Setmana Tràgica, in Spanish la Semana Trágica) (25 July 1909 to 02 August 1909) was a series of violent confrontations between the Spanish army and anarchists, socialists and republicans of Barcelona and other cities in Catalonia, Spain, during the last week of July 1909. It was caused by the… Read More

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What was the Second Rif War (1909)?

Introduction The Second Rif War or Second Melillan campaign (Spanish: Campaña or Guerra de Melilla ) was a conflict in 1909 in Morocco around Melilla. The fighting involved local Riffians and the Spanish Army. Background The Treaty of Peace with Morocco that followed the 1859-1860 War entailed the acquisition of a new city perimeter for Melilla,… Read More