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What was the Case-Church Amendment (1973)?

Introduction The Case-Church Amendment was legislation attached to a bill funding the US State Department. It was approved by the US Congress in June 1973 that prohibited further US military activity in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia unless the president secured Congressional approval in advance. Refer to Cooper-Church Amendment and McGovern-Hatfield Amendment. Background This ended direct… Read More

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What was the Cooper-Church Amendment?

Introduction The Cooper-Church Amendment was introduced in the United States Senate during the Vietnam War. The amendment sought to cut off all funding to American war efforts in Cambodia. Its proposal was the first time that Congress had restricted the deployment of troops during a war against the wishes of the president. Refer to Case-Church… Read More

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A Brief Overview of Military Intelligence

Introduction “Intelligence is crucial to the development of understanding” (MOD, 2011, p1-1). Military intelligence, also known as Defence intelligence, is a military discipline that uses information collection and analysis approaches to provide guidance and direction to commanders in support of their decisions. Military intelligence includes information on other countries’ military forces, plans, and operations gained… Read More

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What was the Ragamuffin War (1835-1845)?

Introduction The Ragamuffin War (Portuguese: Guerra dos Farrapos or Revolução Farroupilha) was a Republican uprising that began in southern Brazil, in the province (current state) of Rio Grande do Sul in 1835. The rebels were led by generals Bento Gonçalves da Silva and Antônio de Sousa Neto with the support of the Italian fighter Giuseppe… Read More

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What as the Pastry War (1838-1839)?

Introduction The Pastry War (Spanish: Guerra de los pasteles; French: Guerre des Pâtisseries), also known as the First French Intervention in Mexico or the First Franco-Mexican War (27 November 1838 to 09 March 1839), began in November 1838 with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of San Juan… Read More

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What was the Little Belt Affair (1811)?

Introduction The Little Belt affair was a naval battle on the night of 16 May 1811. It involved the United States frigate USS President and the British sixth-rate HMS Little Belt, a sloop-of-war, which had originally been the Danish ship Lillebælt, before being captured by the British in the 1807 Battle of Copenhagen. The encounter… Read More