Events 1270 – Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Livonian Order in the Battle of Karuse. 1630 – Dutch forces led by Hendrick Lonck capture Olinda in what was to become part of Dutch Brazil. 1646 – Battle of Torrington, Devon: The last major battle of the first English Civil War. 1796 – Colombo in… Read More
Events 1113 – Pope Paschal II issues Pie Postulatio Voluntatis, recognising the Order of Hospitallers. 1214 – During the Anglo-French War (1213-1214), an English invasion force led by John, King of England, lands at La Rochelle in France. 1493 – While on board the Niña, Christopher Columbus writes an open letter (widely distributed upon his… Read More
Events 748 – Abbasid Revolution: The Hashimi rebels under Abu Muslim Khorasani take Merv, capital of the Umayyad province Khorasan, marking the consolidation of the Abbasid revolt. 842 – Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German languages. 1530 – Spanish conquistadores, led by Nuño de… Read More
Introduction The Foreign Operations Administration was created in 1953 under the directorship of Harold Stassen. Refer to Mutual Security Agency. Outline Its purpose “was intended to centralize all governmental operations, as distinguished from policy formulation, that had as their purpose the cooperative development of economic and military strength among the nations of the free world”.… Read More
Introduction The Mutual Security Agency (1951-1953) was a US agency to strengthen European allies of World War II through military assistance and economic recovery. Brief History The Mutual Security Agency was established by the passing of the Mutual Security Act by the United States Congress on 10 October 1951. The purpose of the agency was,… Read More
Introduction The International Authority for the Ruhr (IAR) was an international body established in 1949 by the Western Allies to regulate the coal and steel industries of the Ruhr area in West Germany. Its seat was in Düsseldorf. The Ruhr Authority was set out in the communiqué issued on 07 June 1948, after the London… Read More
Introduction Faced with the challenge of reconstruction after World War II, France implemented the Modernisation and Re-equipment Plan, which was designed to spur economic recovery. This plan is commonly known as the “Monnet Plan” after Jean Monnet, the chief advocate and first head of the General Planning Commission (Le Commissariat général du Plan). The Monnet… Read More
