Introduction Casus foederis is derived from the Latin for “case for the alliance”. In diplomatic terms, it describes a situation in which the terms of an alliance come into play, such as one nation being attacked by another. Refer to Casus Belli, Military Alliance, Defence Pact, Non-Aggression Pact, and Entente. Historical Examples War of the… Read More
Introduction A casus belli (from Latin casus belli ‘occasion for war’; pl casus belli) is an act or an event that either provokes or is used to justify a war. A casus belli involves direct offenses or threats against the nation declaring the war, whereas a casus foederis involves offenses or threats against its ally… Read More
Introduction The Peace Pledge Union (PPU) is a non-governmental organisation that promotes pacifism, based in the United Kingdom. Its members are signatories to the following pledge: “War is a crime against humanity. I renounce war, and am therefore determined not to support any kind of war. I am also determined to work for the removal… Read More
Introduction War Resisters’ International (WRI), headquartered in London, is an international anti-war organisation with members and affiliates in over 30 countries. Brief History War Resisters’ International was founded in Bilthoven, Netherlands in 1921 under the name “Paco”, which means “peace” in Esperanto. WRI adopted a founding declaration that has remained unchanged: War is a crime… Read More
Introduction The parable of the broken window was introduced by French economist Frédéric Bastiat in his 1850 essay “That Which We See and That Which We Do Not See” (“Ce qu’on voit et ce qu’on ne voit pas”) to illustrate why destruction, and the money spent to recover from destruction, is not actually a net… Read More
Introduction The Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS; often pronounced as an acronym) was the women’s branch of the British Army during the Second World War. It was formed on 09 September 1938, initially as a women’s voluntary service, and existed until 01 February 1949, when it was merged into the Women’s Royal Army Corps. The ATS… Read More
Introduction National security, or national defence, is the security and defence of a sovereign state, including its citizens, economy, and institutions, which is regarded as a duty of government. Originally conceived as protection against military attack, national security is widely understood to include also non-military dimensions, including the security from terrorism, minimisation of crime, economic… Read More
Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute 