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What was the Conquest of Wales by Edward I of England (1277-1283)?

Introduction The conquest of Wales by Edward I, sometimes referred to as the Edwardian Conquest of Wales, to distinguish it from the earlier (but partial) Norman conquest of Wales, took place between 1277 and 1283. It resulted in the defeat and annexation of the Principality of Wales, and the other last remaining independent Welsh principalities,… Read More

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What was the Treaty of Aberconwy (1277)?

Introduction The Treaty of Aberconwy was signed in 1277 by King Edward I of England and Llewelyn the Last, Prince of Wales, following Edward’s invasion of Llewelyn’s territories earlier that year. The treaty granted peace between the two but also essentially guaranteed that Welsh self-rule would end upon Llewelyn’s death and represented the completion of… Read More

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Does Added Load Increase the PFJ Loading Variables Associated with PFJ Pain in Running?

Research Paper Title Patellofemoral Joint Stress during Running with Added Load in Females. Background Patellofemoral joint (PFJ) pain syndrome is a commonly reported form of pain in female runners and military personnel. Increased PFJ stress may be a contributing factor. Few studies have examined PFJ stress running with added load. The purpose was to analyse… Read More

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What was the Trent Affair (1861)?

Introduction The Trent Affair was a diplomatic incident in 1861 during the American Civil War that threatened a war between the United States and Great Britain and Ireland. The US Navy unlawfully captured two Confederate diplomats from a British Royal Mail steamer; the British government protested vigorously. The United States ended the incident by releasing… Read More

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What was the Jacobite Rising of 1745?

Introduction The Jacobite rising of 1745, also known as the Forty-five Rebellion or simply the ’45 (Scottish Gaelic: Bliadhna Theàrlaich, “The Year of Charles”), was an attempt by Charles Edward Stuart to regain the British throne for his father, James Francis Edward Stuart. It took place during the War of the Austrian Succession, when the… Read More

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What was the Battle of Culloden (1746)?

Introduction The Battle of Culloden (Scottish Gaelic: Blàr Chùil Lodair) was the final confrontation of the Jacobite Rising of 1745. On 16 April 1746, the Jacobite army of Charles Edward Stuart was decisively defeated by a British government force under William Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, on Drummossie Moor near Inverness in the Scottish Highlands. It… Read More