Introduction The Treaty of The Hague was signed on 17 February 1720 between Spain and the Quadruple Alliance, established by the 1718 Treaty of London. Its members included Britain, France, the Dutch Republic and Austria. By signing, Spain joined the Alliance, ending the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718 to 1720) and accepting the terms… Read More
Introduction The Battle of Francavilla was fought on 20 June 1719 near the city of Francavilla di Sicilia in Sicily, Italy between Spain and Austria as part of the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718 to 1720). Background After the destruction of the Spanish fleet in the Battle of Cape Passaro in August 1718, the… Read More
Introduction The Battle of Glen Shiel, or Scottish Gaelic: Blà r Ghleann Seile, took place on 10 June 1719 in the West Scottish Highlands, during the 1719 Jacobite Rising. A Jacobite army composed of Highland levies and Spanish marines, was defeated by British troops, reinforced by a Highland Independent Company. The rising was backed by Spain,… Read More
Introduction The Battle of Milazzo was fought on 15 October 1718 near the city of Milazzo in Sicily, Italy between Spain and Austria as part of the War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718 to 1720). Background Frustrated by the loss of his Italian possessions after the War of the Spanish Succession, King Philip V of… Read More
Introduction The Battle of Cape Passaro, also known as Battle of Avola or Battle of Syracuse, was a major naval battle fought on 11 August 1718 between a fleet of the British Royal Navy under Admiral Sir George Byng and a fleet of the Spanish Navy under Vice-Admiral Antonio de Gaztañeta. It was fought off… Read More
Introduction The War of the Quadruple Alliance (1718-1720) was caused by Spanish attempts to recover territorial losses agreed by the 1713 Peace of Utrecht. Conducted primarily in Italy, it included minor engagements in the Americas and Northern Europe as well as the Spanish-backed 1719 Jacobite Rising. Spain recaptured Sardinia in 1717 without opposition, followed by… Read More
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