Introduction A lascar was a sailor or militiaman from the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, the Arab world, British Somaliland or other lands east of the Cape of Good Hope who was employed on European ships from the 16th century until the mid-20th century. Etymology The Oxford English Dictionary states that the word has two possible… Read More
Introduction The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (CEIP) is a nonpartisan international affairs think tank headquartered in Washington D.C., with operations in Europe, South and East Asia, and the Middle East as well as the United States. Founded in 1910 by Andrew Carnegie, the organisation describes itself as being dedicated to advancing cooperation between countries,… Read More
Introduction The Engelbrekt rebellion (Engelbrektsupproret, or Swedish Revolt) was an uprising during 1434-1436 led by Swedish miner and nobleman Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson and directed against Eric of Pomerania, the king of the Kalmar Union. The uprising, with its centre in Dalarna and Bergslagen, spread throughout Svealand and Götaland. The rebellion caused erosion within the unity of… Read More
Introduction The Dutch-Hanseatic War was a conflict between the County of Holland, acting independently of the rest of the Burgundian Netherlands of which it formed part, and the Hanseatic League. It led to little actual fighting, with a Dutch fleet patrolling Øresund while a Hanseatic fleet blocked their access to the Baltic Sea. It ended… Read More
Introduction The Dano-Hanseatic War from 1426-1435 (as was the Kalmar War with the Hanseatic League) was an armed trade conflict between the Danish-dominated Kalmar Union (Denmark, Norway, Sweden) and the German Hanseatic League (Hansa) led by the Free City of Lübeck. When Danish king Eric opened the Baltic trade routes for Dutch ships and introduced… Read More
Introduction The Kalmar War (1611-1613) was a war between Denmark-Norway and Sweden. Though Denmark-Norway soon gained the upper hand, it was unable to defeat Sweden entirely. The Kalmar War was the last time Denmark-Norway successfully defended its dominium maris baltici against Sweden, and it also marked the increasing influence of the two countries in Baltic… Read More
Introduction The Torstenson War was fought between Sweden and Denmark-Norway from 1643 to 1645. The name derives from Swedish general Lennart Torstenson. Denmark had withdrawn from the Thirty Years’ War in the 1629 Treaty of Lübeck (1629). After its victories in the war, Sweden felt it had to attack Denmark-Norway due to its advantageous geographical… Read More
Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute 