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What was the White Terror (1927)?

Introduction The Shanghai massacre of 12 April 1927 (White Terror, the April 12 Purge or the April 12 Incident as it is commonly known in China), was the violent suppression of Chinese Communist Party (CCP) organisations and leftist elements in Shanghai by forces supporting General Chiang Kai-shek and conservative factions in the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist… Read More

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What was the White Terror (1919-1921)?

Introduction The White Terror in Hungary (Hungarian: Fehér Terror) was a two-year period (1919-1921) of repressive violence by counter-revolutionary soldiers, carried out to destroy any supporters of Hungary’s short-lived Soviet republic and its Red Terror. Tens of thousands were imprisoned without trial, and as many as 1,000 people were killed; many of the victims were… Read More

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What was the White Terror (1923)?

Introduction The September Uprising (Bulgarian: Септемврийско въстание, Septemvriysko vastanie) was a 1923 communist insurgency in Bulgaria. Outline The Bulgarian Communist Party (BCP) attempted to overthrow Alexander Tsankov’s new government established following the coup d’état of 09 June. Also referred to as the White Terror (Bulgaria). This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article <… Read More

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What was the Second White Terror (1815-1816)?

Introduction The Second White Terror (French: Terreur blanche de 1815) occurred in France in 1815-1816, following the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815) and the enthronement of Louis XVIII as King of France after the Hundred Days. Suspected sympathizers of the French Revolution (including former Jacobins), Republicans, Bonapartists and, to… Read More

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What was the First White Terror (1794-1795)?

Introduction The White Terror (French: Terreur Blanche) was a period during the French Revolution in 1795 when a wave of violent attacks swept across much of France. The victims of this violence were people identified as being associated with the Reign of Terror – followers of Robespierre and Marat, and members of local Jacobin clubs.… Read More

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What was the Red Terror (1936-1939)?

Introduction Red Terror (Spanish: Terror Rojo) is the name given by historians to various acts of violence committed from 1936 until the end of the Spanish Civil War by sections of nearly all the leftist groups. News of the rightist military uprising in July 1936 unleashed a political response, and no Republican controlled region escaped… Read More