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What was the Anglo-Spanish War (1654-1660)?

Introduction The Anglo-Spanish War was a conflict between the English Protectorate under Oliver Cromwell and Spain, between 1654 and 1660. It was caused by commercial rivalry. Each side attacked the other’s commercial and colonial interests in various ways such as privateering and naval expeditions. In 1655, an English amphibious expedition invaded Spanish territory in the… Read More

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What was the Hope Bay Incident (1952)?

Introduction The Hope Bay incident occurred in February 1952 at Hope Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula. It involved an Argentine naval party from their on shore base and a British landing party from their survey ship. Background During the 19th century there had been increasing interest by various countries in the uninhabited, largely unexplored, and… Read More

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What is an Investment (Military)?

Introduction Investment is military term for the process of surrounding an enemy fort (or town) with armed forces to prevent entry or escape. It serves both to cut communications with the outside world and to prevent supplies and reinforcements from being introduced. A circumvallation is a line of fortifications, built by the attackers around the… Read More

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What is a Voivode?

Introduction Voivode (/ˈvɔɪˌvoʊd/, also spelled Voievod, Voivoda, Vojvoda or Wojewoda) is a title denoting a “military-leader” or “warlord” in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe since the Early Middle Ages. During the Byzantine Empire it referred to military commanders mainly of Slavic-speaking populations. Etymology The term Voivode comes from two roots, first word; voi is related… Read More