Events 1346 – The English capture King David II of Scotland at Neville’s Cross and imprison him for eleven years (refer to Wars of Scottish Independence). 1448 – An Ottoman army defeats a Hungarian army at the Second Battle of Kosovo. 1660 – The nine regicides who signed the death warrant of Charles I of… Read More
Events 456 – Ricimer defeats Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the Western Roman Empire. 690 – Empress Wu Zetian ascends to the throne of the Tang dynasty and proclaims herself ruler of the Chinese Empire. 955 – King Otto I defeats a Slavic revolt in what is now Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. 1780 – American Revolutionary… Read More
Events 1066 – Following the death of Harold II at the Battle of Hastings, Edgar the Ætheling is proclaimed King of England by the Witan; he is never crowned, and concedes power to William the Conqueror two months later (refer to Norman Conquest of England). 1211 – Battle of the Rhyndacus: The Latin emperor Henry… Read More
Introduction The Declaration of Neutrality (German: Neutralitätserklärung) was a declaration by the Austrian Parliament declaring the country permanently neutral. It was enacted on 26 October 1955 as a constitutional act of parliament, i.e. as part of the Constitution of Austria. Pursuant to resolution of the Federal Assembly of Parliament following the Austrian State Treaty, Austria… Read More
Events 1066 – The Norman conquest of England begins with the Battle of Hastings. 1322 – Robert the Bruce of Scotland defeats King Edward II of England at the Battle of Old Byland, forcing Edward to accept Scotland’s independence. 1586 – Mary, Queen of Scots, goes on trial for conspiracy against Queen Elizabeth I of… Read More
Introduction The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances comprises three substantially identical political agreements signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest, Hungary, on 05 December 1994, to provide security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The three memoranda were… Read More
Introduction The Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty is a post-Cold War adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), signed on November 19, 1999, during the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s (OSCE) 1999 Istanbul summit. The main difference with the earlier treaty is that the troop ceilings on… Read More
