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What was the Austrian Declaration of Neutrality (1955)?

Introduction The Declaration of Neutrality (German: Neutralitätserklärung) was a declaration by the Austrian Parliament declaring the country permanently neutral. It was enacted on 26 October 1955 as a constitutional act of parliament, i.e. as part of the Constitution of Austria. Pursuant to resolution of the Federal Assembly of Parliament following the Austrian State Treaty, Austria… Read More

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What is the Budapest Memorandum (1994)?

Introduction The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances comprises three substantially identical political agreements signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest, Hungary, on 05 December 1994, to provide security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The three memoranda were… Read More

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What is the Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty?

Introduction The Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty is a post-Cold War adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE), signed on November 19, 1999, during the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe’s (OSCE) 1999 Istanbul summit. The main difference with the earlier treaty is that the troop ceilings on… Read More