Introduction Insensitive munitions are munitions that are designed to withstand stimuli representative of severe but credible accidents. The current range of stimuli are shock (from bullets, fragments and shaped charge jets), heat (from fires or adjacent thermal events) and adjacent detonating munitions. A munition can have its vulnerability reduced by a number of means used… Read More
Introduction A false flag operation is an act committed with the intent of disguising the actualt source of responsibility and pinning blame on another party. The term “false flag” originated in the 16th century as an expression meaning an intentional misrepresentation of someone’s allegiance. The term was famously used to describe a ruse in naval… Read More
Introduction In the United States military’s strategic nuclear weapon nuclear command and control (NC2) system, an Emergency Action Message (EAM) is a preformatted message that directs nuclear-capable forces to execute specific Major Attack Options (MAOs) or Limited Attack Options (LAOs) in a nuclear war. They are the military commands that the US military chain of… Read More
Introduction A permissive action link (PAL) is an access control security device for nuclear weapons. Its purpose is to prevent unauthorised arming or detonation of a nuclear weapon. The United States Department of Defence definition is: A device included in or attached to a nuclear weapon system to preclude arming and/or launching until the insertion… Read More
Introduction Eliezer Grynbaum or Eliezer Gruenbaum (27 November 1908 to 22 May 1948) was a Polish Jewish communist activist. During World War II, he was a kapo in the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the war, he wrote memoirs about his experiences. Refer to Belsen Trials. Biography Eliezer Gruenbaum was born in Warsaw in 1908, the… Read More
Introduction The Belsen trials were a series of several trials that the Allied occupation forces conducted against former officials and functionaries of Nazi Germany after the end of World War II. British Army and civilian personnel ran the trials and staffed the prosecution and judges. The Belsen trials took place in Lüneburg, Lower Saxony, Germany,… Read More
Introduction A fifth column is any group of people who undermine a larger group or nation from within, usually in favour of an enemy group or another nation. According to Harris Mylonas and Scott Radnitz, “fifth columns” are “domestic actors who work to undermine the national interest, in cooperation with external rivals of the state.”… Read More
Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute 