Introduction In 1240, Batu Khan led a raid into Ruthenia as part of the Mongol invasion of Rus’. It took place three years after Batu’s 1237 conquests of Volga Bulgaria and the Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal. Background According to the Hypatian Codex, at the end of 1238 Batu Khan retreated to the Cuman land (presumably the… Read More
Introduction The Mongol conquest of Kievan Rus’ was part of the Mongol invasion of Europe, in which the Mongol Empire invaded and conquered Kievan Rus’ and other Russian principalities in the 13th century AD, destroying numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev. The campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River… Read More
Events 1492 – Christopher Columbus becomes the first European to set foot on the island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic). 1757 – Seven Years’ War: Battle of Leuthen: Frederick II of Prussia leads Prussian forces to a decisive victory over Austrian forces under Prince Charles Alexander of Lorraine. 1775 – At Fort… Read More
Introduction The Battle of Callao (in Spanish, called Combate del Dos de Mayo mainly in South America) occurred on 02 May 1866 between a Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez and the fortified battery emplacements of the Peruvian port city of Callao during the Chincha Islands War (1865 to 1866). The… Read More
Introduction The Bombardment of Valparaíso on 31 March 1866 took place during the Chincha Islands War (1865 to 1866), when a Spanish fleet shelled, burned and destroyed the undefended port of Valparaíso. Background After the humiliating defeat at the Battle of Papudo (1865) and the indecisive Battle of Abtao (1866), Rear Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez… Read More
Introduction The Battle of Abtao was a naval battle fought on 07 February 1866, during the Chincha Islands War (1865 to 1866), between a Spanish squadron and a combined Peruvian-Chilean fleet, at the island of Abtao in the Gulf of Ancud near Chiloé Archipelago in south-central Chile. It was limited to a long-range exchange of… Read More
Introduction The Chincha Islands War, also known as Spanish-South American War (Spanish: Guerra hispano-sudamericana), was a series of coastal and naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia from 1865 to 1866. The conflict began with Spain’s seizure of the guano-rich Chincha Islands in one of a series of… Read More
