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What was the Siege of Gloucester (1643)?

Introduction The Siege of Gloucester took place between 10 August and 05 September 1643 during the First English Civil War. It was part of a Royalist campaign led by King Charles I to take control of the Severn Valley from the Parliamentarians. Following the costly storming of Bristol on 26 July, Charles invested Gloucester in… Read More

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What was the First Battle of Newbury (1643)?

Introduction The First Battle of Newbury was a battle of the First English Civil War that was fought on 20 September 1643 between a Royalist army, under the personal command of King Charles, and a Parliamentarian force led by the Earl of Essex (the Second Battle of Newbury was fought in 1644). Following a year… Read More

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What was the Second Battle of Newbury (1644)?

Introduction The Second Battle of Newbury was a battle of the First English Civil War fought on 27 October 1644, in Speen, adjoining Newbury in Berkshire. The battle was fought close to the site of the First Battle of Newbury, which took place in late September the previous year. The combined armies of Parliament inflicted… Read More

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What was the Italian War of 1521-1526?

Introduction The Italian War of 1521–1526, sometimes known as the Four Years’ War, was a part of the Italian Wars. The war pitted Francis I of France and the Republic of Venice against the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Henry VIII of England, and the Papal States. The conflict arose from animosity over the election… Read More

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What was the Battle of Pavia (1525)?

Introduction The Battle of Pavia, fought on the morning of 24 February 1525, was the decisive engagement of the Italian War of 1521-1526 between the Kingdom of France and the Habsburg empire of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor as well as ruler of Spain, Austria, the Low Countries, and the Two Sicilies. The Spanish armaments,… Read More

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What was the Italian Campaign of 1524-1525?

Introduction The Italian campaign of 1524-1525 was the final significant action of the Italian War of 1521-1526. Background The French, in possession of Lombardy at the start of the Italian War of 1521, had been forced to abandon it after their defeat at the Battle of Bicocca in 1522. Determined to regain it, Francis ordered… Read More