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What was the Battle of Chemnitz (1639)?

Introduction The Battle of Chemnitz (14 April 1639) took place near the town of Chemnitz, in what is now eastern Germany, during the Thirty Years’ War. Swedish forces under Johan Banér inflicted a crushing defeat on Rodolfo Giovanni Marazzino who commanded the Saxons and an Imperial detachment. The Battle The battle was a confused engagement… Read More

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What was the 1566 Celestial Phenomenon over Basel?

Introduction The 1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel was a series of mass sightings of celestial phenomena above Basel, Switzerland. The Basel pamphlet of 1566 describes unusual sunrises and sunsets. Celestial phenomena were said to have “fought” together in the form of numerous red and black balls in the sky before the rising sun. The report… Read More

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What was the 1561 Celestial Phenomenon over Nuremberg?

Introduction The 1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg was a mass sighting of celestial phenomena or unidentified flying objects (UFO) above Nuremberg, Germany. The phenomenon has been interpreted by some modern UFO enthusiasts as an aerial battle of extraterrestrial origin. This view is mostly dismissed by sceptics, some referencing Carl Jung’s mid-twentieth century writings about the… Read More

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What was the Battle of Adrianople (1205)?

Introduction The Battle of Adrianople occurred around Adrianople on 14 April 1205 between Bulgarians, Vlachs and Cumans under Tsar Kaloyan of Bulgaria, and Crusaders under Baldwin I, who only months before had been crowned Emperor of Constantinople, allied with Venetians under Doge Enrico Dandolo. It was won by the Bulgarians, Vlachs and Cumans after a… Read More

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What was the Battle of Bedriacum (69 AD)?

Introduction The Battle of Bedriacum refers to two battles fought during the Year of the Four Emperors (AD 69) near the village of Bedriacum (now Calvatone), about 35 kilometres (22 miles) from the town of Cremona in northern Italy. The fighting in fact took place between Bedriacum and Cremona, and the battles are sometimes called… Read More

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What was the Battle of Forum Gallorum (43 BC)?

Introduction The Battle of Forum Gallorum was fought on 14 April 43 BC between the forces of Mark Antony, and legions loyal to the Roman Senate under the overall command of consul Gaius Pansa, aided by his fellow consul Aulus Hirtius. The untested Caesar Octavian (the future emperor Augustus) guarded the Senate’s camp. The battle… Read More