Events

• 587 BC – Babylon’s siege of Jerusalem ends following the destruction of Solomon’s Temple.
• 1174 – William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Henry II of England.
• 1260 – The Livonian Order suffers its greatest defeat in the 13th century in the Battle of Durbe against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
• 1558 – Battle of Gravelines: In France, Spanish forces led by Count Lamoral of Egmont defeat the French forces of Marshal Paul de Thermes at Gravelines.
• 1573 – Eighty Years’ War: The Siege of Haarlem ends after seven months.
• 1643 – English Civil War: Battle of Roundway Down: In England, Henry Wilmot, 1st Earl of Rochester, commanding the Royalist forces, heavily defeats the Parliamentarian forces led by Sir William Waller.
• 1794 – The Battle of Trippstadt is fought between French forces and those of Prussia and Austria.
• 1854 – In the Battle of Guaymas, Mexico, General José María Yáñez stops the French invasion led by Count Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon.
• 1863 – New York City draft riots: In New York City, opponents of conscription begin three days of rioting which will be later regarded as the worst in United States history.
• 1878 – Treaty of Berlin: The European powers redraw the map of the Balkans. Serbia, Montenegro and Romania become completely independent of the Ottoman Empire.
• 1919 – The British airship R34 lands in Norfolk, England, completing the first airship return journey across the Atlantic in 182 hours of flight.
• 1941 – World War II: Montenegrins begin a popular uprising against the Axis powers (Trinaestojulski ustanak).
• 1956 – The Dartmouth workshop is the first conference on artificial intelligence.
• 1977 – Somalia declares war on Ethiopia, starting the Ogaden War.
• 2003 – French DGSE personnel abort an operation to rescue Íngrid Betancourt from FARC rebels in Colombia, causing a political scandal when details are leaked to the press.
• 2008 – Battle of Wanat begins when Taliban and al-Qaeda guerrillas attack US Army and Afghan National Army troops in Afghanistan.
  • The US deaths were, at that time, the most in a single battle since the beginning of operations in 2001.
• 2011 – United Nations Security Council Resolution 1999 is adopted, which admits South Sudan to member status of United Nations.

People (Births)

• 100 BC – Julius Caesar, Roman general and statesman (d. 44 BC).
• 1745 – Robert Calder, Scottish-English admiral (d. 1818).
• 1770 – Alexander Balashov, Russian general and politician, Russian Minister of Police (d. 1837).
• 1821 – Nathan Bedford Forrest, American general and first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan (d. 1877).
• 1864 – John Jacob Astor IV, American colonel and businessman (d. 1912).
• 1898 – Julius Schreck, German commander (d. 1936).
• 1905 – Alfredo M. Santos, Filipino general (d. 1990).
• 1905 – Eugenio Pagnini, Italian modern pentathlete (d. 1993).
• 1922 – Helmy Afify Abd El-Bar, Egyptian military commander (d. 2011).
• 1925 – Suzanne Zimmerman, American competition swimmer and Olympic medallist.
• 1939 – Lambert Jackson Woodburne, South African admiral (d. 2013).
• 1944 – Ernő Rubik, Hungarian game designer, architect, and educator, invented the Rubik’s Cube.
• 1950 – Ma Ying-jeou, Hong Kong-Taiwanese commander and politician, 12th President of the Republic of China.
• 1981 – Ágnes Kovács, Hungarian swimmer.
• 1981 – Mirco Lorenzetto, Italian cyclist.
• 1983 – Kristof Beyens, Belgian sprinter.
• 1983 – Liu Xiang, Chinese hurdler.
• 1985 – Trell Kimmons, American sprinter.
• 1992 – Elise Matthysen, Belgian swimmer.

People (Deaths)

• 884 – Huang Chao, Chinese rebel leader (b. 835).
• 1551 – John Wallop, English soldier and diplomat (b. 1490).
• 1628 – Robert Shirley, English soldier and diplomat (b. 1581).
• 1755 – Edward Braddock, Scottish general (b. 1695).
• 1881 – John C. Pemberton, American general (b. 1814).
• 1890 – John C. Frémont, American general and politician, 5th Territorial Governor of Arizona (b. 1813).
• 1967 – Tom Simpson, English cyclist (b. 1937).
• 1970 – Leslie Groves, American general and engineer (b. 1896).
• 1970 – Sheng Shicai, Chinese warlord (b. 1895).
• 1976 – Joachim Peiper, German SS officer (b. 1915).
• 1999 – Konstantinos Kollias, Greek general and politician, 168th Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1901).