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What was the Mongol Invasion of Rus’ (1237-1242)?

Introduction The Mongol conquest of Kievan Rus’ was part of the Mongol invasion of Europe, in which the Mongol Empire invaded and conquered Kievan Rus’ and other Russian principalities in the 13th century AD, destroying numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev. The campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River… Read More

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What was the Battle of Callao (1866)?

Introduction The Battle of Callao (in Spanish, called Combate del Dos de Mayo mainly in South America) occurred on 02 May 1866 between a Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez and the fortified battery emplacements of the Peruvian port city of Callao during the Chincha Islands War (1865 to 1866). The… Read More

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What was the Bombardment of Valparaiso (1866)?

Introduction The Bombardment of Valparaíso on 31 March 1866 took place during the Chincha Islands War (1865 to 1866), when a Spanish fleet shelled, burned and destroyed the undefended port of Valparaíso. Background After the humiliating defeat at the Battle of Papudo (1865) and the indecisive Battle of Abtao (1866), Rear Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez… Read More

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What was the Chincha Islands War (1865-1866)?

Introduction The Chincha Islands War, also known as Spanish-South American War (Spanish: Guerra hispano-sudamericana), was a series of coastal and naval battles between Spain and its former colonies of Peru, Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia from 1865 to 1866. The conflict began with Spain’s seizure of the guano-rich Chincha Islands in one of a series of… Read More

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What was the Noble Train of Artillery (1775-1776)?

Introduction The noble train of artillery, also known as the Knox Expedition, was an expedition led by Continental Army Colonel Henry Knox to transport heavy weaponry that had been captured at Fort Ticonderoga to the Continental Army camps outside Boston, Massachusetts during the winter of 1775 to 1776. Knox went to Ticonderoga in November 1775… Read More