Introduction The Doomsday Clock is a symbol that represents the likelihood of a man-made global catastrophe. Maintained since 1947 by the members of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, the clock is a metaphor for threats to humanity from unchecked scientific and technical advances. The clock represents the hypothetical global catastrophe as midnight and the… Read More
Introduction The overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom began on 16 January 1893, with a coup d’état against Queen Liliʻuokalani on the island of Oahu by foreign residents residing in Honolulu, and the unlawful invasion of the Kingdom of Hawaii by US Marines. While some insurgents were subjects of the Hawaiian Kingdom, a majority were foreigners.… Read More
Events 1127 – Jin–Song Wars: Invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin dynasty besiege and sack Bianjing (Kaifeng), the capital of the Song dynasty of China, and abduct Emperor Qinzong of Song and others, ending the Northern Song dynasty. 1431 – The trial of Joan of Arc begins in Rouen. 1760 – Ahmad Shah Durrani defeats… Read More
Events 871 – Æthelred I and Alfred the Great lead a West Saxon army to repel an invasion by Danelaw Vikings. 1297 – François Grimaldi, disguised as a monk, leads his men to capture the fortress protecting the Rock of Monaco, establishing his family as the rulers of Monaco. 1454 – The papal bull Romanus… Read More
Introduction The Russo-Polish of 1609-1618 – also known as the Polish-Russian War, Polish-Muscovite War, or the Dimitriads – was a conflict fought between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth from 1609 to 1618. Refer to Russo-Polish War (1632-1634) and Russo-Polish War (1654-1667). Russia had been experiencing the Time of Troubles since the death… Read More
Introduction The Russo-Polish War of 1632-1634, usually known as the Smolensk War, was a conflict fought between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia. Refer to Russo-Polish War (1609-1618) and Russo Polish War (1654-1667). Hostilities began in October 1632 when Russian forces tried to capture the city of Smolensk. Small military engagements produced mixed results for both… Read More
Introduction The Russo-Polish War of 1654-1667, also called the Thirteen Years’ War and the First Northern War, was a major conflict between the Tsardom of Russia and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Between 1655 and 1660, the Swedish invasion was also fought in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and so the period became known in Poland as “The Deluge”… Read More
Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute 