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Who was Eliezer Gruenbaum?

Introduction Eliezer Grynbaum or Eliezer Gruenbaum (27 November 1908 to 22 May 1948) was a Polish Jewish communist activist. During World War II, he was a kapo in the Auschwitz concentration camp. After the war, he wrote memoirs about his experiences. Refer to Belsen Trials. Biography Eliezer Gruenbaum was born in Warsaw in 1908, the… Read More

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What was a Kapo?

Introduction A kapo or prisoner functionary (German: Funktionshäftling) was a prisoner in a Nazi camp who was assigned by the Schutzstaffel (SS) guards to supervise forced labour or carry out administrative tasks (refer to World War II). Also called “prisoner self-administration”, the prisoner functionary system minimised costs by allowing camps to function with fewer SS… Read More

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What Does the Term Quisling Mean?

Introduction Quisling (/ˈkwɪzlɪŋ/, Norwegian: [ˈkvɪ̂slɪŋ]) is a term used in Scandinavian languages and in English meaning a citizen or politician of an occupied country who collaborates with an enemy occupying force – or more generally as a synonym for traitor. The word originates from the surname of the Norwegian war-time leader Vidkun Quisling, who headed… Read More

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What does the Term Jash Mean?

Introduction Jash (Kurdish: جاش, romanised: Caş, lit. ’donkey’s foal’) is a Kurdish term for a traitor, or a type of collaborator, either a military unit composed of Kurds or an individual which cooperates with enemy combatants against the Kurdish people, Kurdish political interests, or the Kurdish Army. The term is considered derogatory in a cultural sense,… Read More

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Collaboration with the Islamic State: A Brief Overview

Introduction Collaboration with the Islamic State refers to the cooperation and assistance given by governments, non-state actors, and private individuals to IS during the Syrian Civil War, Iraqi Civil War, and Libyan Civil War. The Islamic State (IS), also known as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Islamic State (ISIL), the Islamic State… Read More

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What is Wartime Collaboration?

Introduction Wartime collaboration is cooperation with the enemy against one’s country of citizenship in wartime, and in the words of historian Gerhard Hirschfeld, “is as old as war and the occupation of foreign territory”. The term collaborator dates to the 19th century and was used in France during the Napoleonic Wars. The meaning shifted during… Read More