Introduction The Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances comprises three substantially identical political agreements signed at the OSCE conference in Budapest, Hungary, on 05 December 1994, to provide security assurances by its signatories relating to the accession of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT). The three memoranda were… Read More
Introduction The Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine (also known as the Trilateral Contact Group for the peaceful settlement of the situation in eastern Ukraine) is a group of representatives from Ukraine, the Russian Federation, and the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) that was formed as means to facilitate a diplomatic resolution to… Read More
Introduction The Minsk agreements were a series of international agreements which sought to end the Donbas war fought between armed Russian separatist groups and Armed Forces of Ukraine, with Russian regular forces playing a central part. The first, known as the Minsk Protocol, was drafted in 2014 by the Trilateral Contact Group on Ukraine (refer… Read More
Introduction The OSCE Minsk Group was created in 1992 by the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), now the Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), to encourage a peaceful, negotiated resolution to the conflict between Azerbaijan and Armenia over Nagorno-Karabakh. Founding and Members The Helsinki Additional Meeting of the CSCE Council… Read More
Introduction The Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) is the world’s largest regional security-oriented intergovernmental organisation with observer status at the United Nations. Its mandate includes issues such as arms control, promotion of human rights, freedom of the press, and free and fair elections. It employs around 3,460 people, mostly in its field… Read More
Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute 