Introduction Continuous exercise can produce a transient state of euphoria – an emotional state involving the experience of pleasure and feelings of profound contentment, elation, and well-being – which is colloquially known as a “runner’s high” in distance running or a “rower’s high” in rowing. Outline The runner’s high is a transient state of euphoria… Read More
Introduction Post-exertional malaise (PEM), sometimes referred to as post-exertional symptom exacerbation (PESE) or post-exertional neuroimmune exhaustion (PENE), is a worsening of symptoms that occurs after minimal exertion. It is the hallmark symptom of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) and common in long COVID and fibromyalgia. PEM is often severe enough to be disabling, and is… Read More
Introduction Exercise intolerance is a condition of inability or decreased ability to perform physical exercise at the normally expected level or duration for people of that age, size, sex, and muscle mass. It also includes experiences of unusually severe post-exercise pain, fatigue, nausea, vomiting or other negative effects. Exercise intolerance is not a disease or… Read More
Introduction Metabolic myopathies are myopathies that result from defects in biochemical metabolism that primarily affect muscle. They are generally genetic defects (inborn errors of metabolism) that interfere with the ability to create energy, causing a low adenosine triphosphate (ATP) reservoir within the muscle cell. At the cellular level, metabolic myopathies lack some kind of enzyme… Read More
Introduction In cardiology, ventricular remodelling (or cardiac remodelling) refers to changes in the size, shape, structure, and function of the heart. This can happen as a result of exercise (physiological remodelling) or after injury to the heart muscle (pathological remodelling). The injury is typically due to acute myocardial infarction (usually transmural or ST segment elevation… Read More
Introduction Muscle weakness is a lack of muscle strength (not to be confused with muscle fatigue). Its causes are many and can be divided into conditions that have either true or perceived muscle weakness. True muscle weakness is a primary symptom of a variety of skeletal muscle diseases, including muscular dystrophy and inflammatory myopathy. It… Read More
Introduction Muscle fatigue is when muscles that were initially generating a normal amount of force, then experience a declining ability to generate force. It can be a result of vigorous exercise, but abnormal fatigue may be caused by barriers to or interference with the different stages of muscle contraction. There are two main causes of… Read More
Boot Camp & Military Fitness Institute 