Events

• 42 BC – Liberators’ civil war: Mark Antony and Octavian decisively defeat Brutus’s army.
  • Brutus commits suicide.
• 1086 – Spanish Reconquista: At the Battle of Sagrajas, the Almoravids defeats the Castilians, but are unable to take advantage of their victory.
• 1157 – The Battle of Grathe Heath ends the Danish Civil War.
• 1295 – The first treaty forming the Auld Alliance between Scotland and France against England is signed in Paris.
• 1641 – Irish Catholic gentry from Ulster attempt to seize control of Dublin Castle, the seat of English rule in Ireland, so as to force concessions.
• 1642 – The Battle of Edgehill is the first major battle of the English Civil War.
• 1707 – The First Parliament of the Kingdom of Great Britain convenes.
• 1812 –General Claude François de Malet begins a conspiracy to overthrow Napoleon, claiming that the Emperor died in the Russian campaign (refer to Napoleonic Wars).
• 1864 – American Civil War: The Battle of Westport is the last significant engagement west of the Mississippi River.
• 1912 – First Balkan War: The Battle of Kumanovo between the Serbian and Ottoman armies begins.
• 1940 – Adolf Hitler and Francisco Franco meet at Hendaye to discuss the possibility of Spain entering the Second World War.
• 1941 – World War II: The Holocaust: Nazi Germany prohibits Jews from emigrating, including in its occupied territories.
• 1942 – World War II: Allied forces commence the Second Battle of El Alamein, which proves to be the key turning point in the North African campaign.
• 1942 – World War II: All 12 passengers and crewmen aboard American Airlines Flight 28 are killed when it collides with a US Army Air Force bomber near Palm Springs, California.
• 1942 – World War II: The Battle for Henderson Field begins on Guadalcanal.
• 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Leyte Gulf begins.
• 1955 – The people of the Saar region vote in a referendum to unite with West Germany instead of France.
• 1956 – Secret police shoot several anti-communist protesters, igniting the Hungarian Revolution.
• 1965 – Vietnam War: The 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile), in conjunction with the Army of the Republic of Vietnam, launches an operation seeking to destroy Communist forces during the siege of Plei Me.
• 1972 – Vietnam War: Operation Linebacker, a US bombing campaign against North Vietnam in response to its Easter Offensive, ends after five months.
• 1983 – Lebanese Civil War: The US Marines Corps barracks in Beirut is hit by a truck bomb, killing 241 US military personnel.
  • A French Army barracks in Lebanon is also hit that same morning, killing 58 troops.
• 1989 – The Hungarian Republic officially replaces the communist Hungarian People’s Republic.
• 1991 – Signing of the Paris Peace Accords which ends the Cambodian-Vietnamese War.
• 1993 – The Troubles: A Provisional IRA bomb prematurely detonates in Belfast, killing the bomber and nine civilians.
• 1998 – Israel and the Palestinian Authority sign the Wye River Memorandum.
• 2002 – Second Chechen War: Chechen separatist terrorists seize the House of Culture theatre in Moscow and take approximately 700 theatre-goers hostage.
• 2011 – The Libyan National Transitional Council deems the Libyan Civil War over.
• Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle (Republic of North Macedonia).
• Liberation Day (Libya).
• Paris Peace Agreement Day (Cambodia).

People (Births)

• 1705 – Maximilian Ulysses Browne, Austrian field marshal (d. 1757).
• 1766 – Emmanuel de Grouchy, Marquis de Grouchy, French general (d. 1847).
• 1863 – Mirko Breyer, Croatian writer, bibliographer, antiquarian, and one of the notable alleged and false victims of the Stara Gradiška concentration camp (d. 1946).
• 1874 – Charles Kilpatrick, American runner and educator (d. 1921).
• 1896 – André Lévêque, French soldier and engineer (d. 1930).
• 1897 – John Baker, English air marshal (d. 1978).
• 1905 – Gertrude Ederle, American swimmer (d. 2003).
• 1911 – Jack Keller, American hurdler (d. 1978).
• 1937 – Carlos Lamarca, Brazilian captain (d. 1971).
• 1949 – Krešimir Ćosić, Croatian soldier and politician.
• 1957 – Paul Kagame, Rwandan soldier and politician, 6th President of Rwanda.
• 1958 – Frank Schaffer, German sprinter.
• 1971 – Chris Horner, American cyclist.

People (Deaths)

• 42 BC – Marcus Junius Brutus the Younger, Roman general and politician (b. 85 BC).
• 891 – Yazaman al-Khadim, Abbasid general and politician.
• 1764 – Emmanuel-Auguste de Cahideuc, Comte Dubois de la Motte, French admiral (b. 1683).
• 1944 – Hana Brady, Czech holocaust victim (b. 1931).
• 2010 – Fran Crippen, American swimmer (b. 1984).
• 2012 – Roland de la Poype, French soldier and pilot (b. 1920).