Events

• 70 – A Roman army under Titus occupies and plunders Jerusalem.
• 1191 – Third Crusade: Battle of Arsuf: Richard I of England defeats Saladin at Arsuf.
• 1228 – Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II lands in Acre, Israel, and starts the Sixth Crusade, which results in a peaceful restoration of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
• 1571 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk, is arrested for his role in the Ridolfi plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth I of England and replace her with Mary, Queen of Scots.
• 1620 – The town of Kokkola (Swedish: Karleby) was founded by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.
• 1630 – The city of Boston, Massachusetts is founded.
• 1652 – Around 15,000 Han farmers and militia rebel against Dutch rule on Taiwan.
• 1695 – Henry Every perpetrates one of the most profitable pirate raids in history with the capture of the Grand Mughal ship Ganj-i-Sawai.
  • In response, Emperor Aurangzeb threatens to end all English trading in India.
• 1706 – War of the Spanish Succession: Siege of Turin ends, leading to the withdrawal of French forces from North Italy.
• 1776 – According to American colonial reports, Ezra Lee makes the world’s first submarine attack in the Turtle, attempting to attach a time bomb to the hull of HMS Eagle in New York Harbour (no British records of this attack exist).
• 1778 – American Revolutionary War: France invades Dominica in the British West Indies, before Britain is even aware of France’s involvement in the war.
• 1812 – French invasion of Russia: The Battle of Borodino, the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic Wars, is fought near Moscow and results in a French victory.
• 1822 – Dom Pedro I declares Brazil independent from Portugal on the shores of the Ipiranga Brook in São Paulo.
• 1860 – Italian unification: Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Naples.
• 1863 – American Civil War: Union troops under Quincy A. Gillmore capture Fort Wagner in Morris Island after a 7-week siege.
• 1864 – American Civil War: Atlanta is evacuated on orders of Union General William Tecumseh Sherman.
• 1901 – The Boxer Rebellion in Qing dynasty (modern-day China) officially ends with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.
• 1907 – Cunard Line’s RMS Lusitania sets sail on her maiden voyage from Liverpool, England, to New York City.
• 1920 – Two newly purchased Savoia flying boats crash in the Swiss Alps en route to Finland where they were to serve with the Finnish Air Force, killing both crews.
• 1932 – The Battle of Boquerón, the first major battle of the Chaco War, commences.
• 1940 – World War II: Romania returns Southern Dobruja to Bulgaria under the Treaty of Craiova.
• 1940 – World War II: The German Luftwaffe begins the Blitz, bombing London and other British cities for over 50 consecutive nights.
• 1942 – World War II: Japanese marines are forced to withdraw during the Battle of Milne Bay.
• 1943 – World War II: The German 17th Army begins its evacuation of the Kuban bridgehead (Taman Peninsula) in southern Russia and moves across the Strait of Kerch to the Crimea.
• 1945 – World War II: Japanese forces on Wake Island, which they had held since December 1941, surrender to US Marines.
• 1945 – World War II: The Berlin Victory Parade of 1945 is held.
• 1953 – Nikita Khrushchev is elected first secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
• 1965 – During an Indo-Pakistani War, China announces that it will reinforce its troops on the Indian border.
• 1965 – Vietnam War: In a follow-up to August’s Operation Starlite, United States Marines and South Vietnamese forces initiate Operation Piranha on the Batangan Peninsula.
• 1970 – Fighting begins between Arab guerrillas and government forces in Jordan.
• 1977 – The Torrijos-Carter Treaties between Panama and the United States on the status of the Panama Canal are signed.
  • The United States agrees to transfer control of the canal to Panama at the end of the 20th century.
• 1984 – An explosion on board a Maltese patrol boat disposing of illegal fireworks at sea off Gozo kills seven soldiers and policemen.
• 1986 – Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet survives an assassination attempt by the FPMR; 5 of Pinochet’s bodyguards are killed.
• 1997 – Maiden flight of the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor.
• 2010 – A Chinese fishing trawler collided with two Japanese Coast Guard patrol boats in disputed waters near the Senkaku Islands.
• Air Force Day (Pakistan).
• Military Intelligence Day (Ukraine).
• Victory Day (Mozambique).

People (Births)

• 1641 – Tokugawa Ietsuna, Japanese shōgun (d. 1680).
• 1869 – Ben Viljoen, South African general (d. 1917).
• 1892 – Eric Harrison, Australian soldier and politician, 27th Australian Minister for Defence (d. 1974).
• 1893 – Leslie Hore-Belisha, English politician, Secretary of State for War (d. 1957).
• 1913 – Martin Charteris, Baron Charteris of Amisfield, English soldier and courtier (d. 1999).
• 1917 – Leonard Cheshire, English captain, pilot, and humanitarian (d. 1992).
• 1919 – Briek Schotte, Belgian cyclist and coach (d. 2004).
• 1921 – Peter A. Peyser, American soldier and politician (d. 2014).
• 1924 – Daniel Inouye, American captain and politician, Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2012).
• 1965 – Uta Pippig, German runner.
• 1966 – Vladimir Andreyev, Russian race walker.
• 1980 – Sara Carrigan, Australian cyclist.
• 1983 – Philip Deignan, Irish cyclist.
• 1994 – Elinor Barker, Welsh track cyclist.
• 1999 – Laurie Jussaume, Canadian cyclist.

People (Deaths)

• 251 – Sima Yi, Chinese general and politician (b. 179).
• 355 – Claudius Silvanus, Roman general.
• 934 – Meng Zhixiang, Chinese general (b. 874).
• 1566 – Nikola Šubić Zrinski, Croatian general (b. 1506).
• 1657 – Arvid Wittenberg, Swedish field marshal (b. 1606).
• 1741 – Blas de Lezo, Spanish admiral (b. 1689).
• 1840 – Jacques MacDonald, French general (b. 1765).
• 1910 – William Holman Hunt, English painter and soldier (b. 1827).
• 1940 – José Félix Estigarribia, Paraguayan soldier and politician, President of Paraguay (b. 1888).
• 1973 – Lev Vladimirsky, Kazakhstani-Russian admiral (b. 1903).
• 1990 – Earle E. Partridge, American general and pilot (b. 1900).
• 1997 – Mobutu Sese Seko, Congolese soldier and politician, President of Zaire (b. 1930).
• 2002 – Uziel Gal, German-Israeli colonel and gun designer, designed the Uzi (b. 1923).