Events

• 338 BC – A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the Battle of Chaeronea, securing Macedonian hegemony in Greece and the Aegean.
• 216 BC – The Carthaginian army led by Hannibal defeats a numerically superior Roman army at the Battle of Cannae.
• 49 BC – Caesar, who marched to Spain earlier in the year leaving Marcus Antonius in charge of Italy, defeats Pompey’s general Afranius and Petreius in Ilerda (Lerida) north of the Ebro river.
• 461 – Majorian is arrested near Tortona (northern Italy) and deposed by the Suebian general Ricimer as puppet emperor.
• 932 – After a two-years siege, the city of Toledo, in Spain, surrenders to the forces of the Caliph of Córdoba Abd al-Rahman III, assuming an important victory in his campaign to subjugate the Central March.
• 1274 – Edward I of England returns from the Ninth Crusade and is crowned King seventeen days later.
• 1343 – After the execution of her husband, Jeanne de Clisson sells her estates and raises a force of men with which to attack French shipping and ports.
• 1377 – Russian troops are defeated by forces of the Blue Horde Khan Arapsha in the Battle on Pyana River.
• 1415 – Thomas Grey is executed for participating in the Southampton Plot.
• 1776 – The signing of the United States Declaration of Independence took place.
• 1798 – French Revolutionary Wars: The Battle of the Nile concludes in a British victory.
• 1858 – The Government of India Act 1858 replaces Company rule in India with that of the British Raj.
• 1869 – Japan’s Edo society class system is abolished as part of the Meiji Restoration reforms.
• 1897 – Anglo-Afghan War: The Siege of Malakand ends when a relief column is able to reach the British garrison in the Malakand states.
• 1903 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising against the Ottoman Empire begins.
• 1914 – The German occupation of Luxembourg during World War I begins.
• 1916 – World War I: Austrian sabotage causes the sinking of the Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci in Taranto.
• 1918 – The first general strike in Canadian history takes place in Vancouver.
• 1934 – Gleichschaltung: Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany following the death of President Paul von Hindenburg.
• 1939 – Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard write a letter to Franklin D. Roosevelt, urging him to begin the Manhattan Project to develop a nuclear weapon.
• 1943 – World War II: The Holocaust: Jewish prisoners stage a revolt at Treblinka, one of the deadliest of Nazi death camps where approximately 900,000 persons were murdered in less than 18 months.
• 1943 – World War II: The Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109 is rammed by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri and sinks.
  • Lieutenant John F. Kennedy, future US president, saves all but two of his crew.
• 1944 – World War II: The largest trade convoy of the world wars arrives safely in the Western Approaches.
• 1945 – World War II: End of the Potsdam Conference.
• 1989 – A massacre is carried out by an Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka killing 64 ethnic Tamil civilians.
• 1990 – Iraq invades Kuwait, eventually leading to the Gulf War.
• Paratroopers Day (Russia).
• Romani genocide-related observances, including:
  • Roma Holocaust Memorial Day (Council of Europe, European Parliament).

People (Births)

• 1646 – Jean-Baptiste du Casse, French admiral and buccaneer (d. 1715).
• 1740 – Jean Baptiste Camille Canclaux, French general (d. 1817).
• 1754 – Pierre Charles L’Enfant, French-American architect and engineer, designed Washington, D.C. (d. 1825).
• 1828 – Manuel Pavía y Rodríguez de Alburquerque, Spanish general (d. 1895).
• 1834 – Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, French sculptor, designed the Statue of Liberty (d. 1904).
• 1872 – George E. Stewart, Australian-American colonel, Medal of Honour recipient (d. 1946).
• 1897 – Karl-Otto Koch, German SS officer (d. 1945).
• 1925 – Jorge Rafael Videla, Argentinian general and politician, 43rd President of Argentina (d. 2013).
• 1933 – Ioannis Varvitsiotis, Greek politician, Greek Minister of Defence.
• 1934 – Valery Bykovsky, Russian general and astronaut (d. 2019).
• 1938 – Terry Peck, Falkland Islander soldier (d. 2006).
• 1943 – Jon R. Cavaiani, English-American sergeant, Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2014).
• 1949 – Bertalan Farkas, Hungarian general and astronaut.
• 1973 – Susie O’Neill, Australian swimmer.
• 1976 – Reyes Estévez, Spanish runner.
• 1979 – Reuben Kosgei, Kenyan runner.
• 1981 – Alexander Emelianenko, Russian mixed martial artist and boxer.
• 1996 – Simone Manuel, American swimmer.

People (Deaths)

• 216 BC – Gnaeus Servilius Geminus, Roman consul.
• 216 BC – Lucius Aemilius Paullus, Roman consul and general.
• 216 BC – Marcus Minucius Rufus, Roman consul.
• 1415 – Thomas Grey, English conspirator (b. 1384).
• 1511 – Andrew Barton, Scottish admiral (b. 1466).
• 1605 – Richard Leveson, English admiral (b. c. 1570).
• 1611 – Katō Kiyomasa, Japanese daimyō (b. 1562).
• 1815 – Guillaume Brune, French general and politician (b. 1763).
• 1823 – Lazare Carnot, French mathematician, general, and politician, president of the National Convention (b. 1753).
• 1917 – Jaan Mahlapuu, Estonian military pilot (b. 1894).
• 1922 – Alexander Graham Bell, Scottish-Canadian engineer, invented the telephone (b. 1847).
• 1934 – Paul von Hindenburg, German field marshal and politician, 2nd president of Germany (b. 1847).
• 1937 – Artur Sirk, Estonian soldier, lawyer, and politician (b. 1900).
• 1996 – Mohamed Farrah Aidid, Somalian general and politician, 5th president of Somalia (b. 1934).