Chad A Asplund (Director of Military Sports Medicine, Eisenhower Army Medical Centre) and Thomas M Best (Professor and Pomerene Chair, Division of Sports Medicine, Ohio State University) published a clinical review of Achilles tendon disorders in 2013 in the British Medical Journal.

Opening Paragraph

Disorders of the Achilles tendon are common in active people – competitive and recreational athletes alike – but they can occur in less active people. As the largest tendon in the body, the Achilles experiences repetitive strain from running, jumping, and sudden acceleration or deceleration, so is susceptible to rupture and degenerative changes. This review aims to describe the anatomy and diagnostic evaluation of the Achilles tendon, and to discuss the best available evidence to help in the management of Achilles tendon disorders.

Headings include:

• What are Achilles tendon disorders?
• Who gets Achilles tendon disorders?
• How are Achilles tendon disorders evaluated?
• What is the differential diagnosis of posterior heel pain?
• What is the role of imaging in Achilles tendon disorders?
• What are the treatment options?
• Midsubstance Achilles tendinopathy
• Insertional tendinopathy
• Achilles rupture
• What is the prognosis?

Read the full clinical review: Achilles Tendon Disorders (Asplund & Best, 2013)