by Andrew Marshall

What was Operation Sand Flea (1989)?

Introduction Operation Sand Flea was a series of training exercises for the December 1989 invasion of Panama by the United States. Refer to Operation Just Cause (1989-1990). Outline These troop movements and practice assaults were conducted in part as training to defend the Panama Canal (a contingency then called Purple Storm), but were also intended… Read More

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by Andrew Marshall

What was Operation Just Cause (1989-1990)?

Introduction The United States invasion of Panama, codenamed Operation Just Cause, lasted over a month between mid-December 1989 and late January 1990. It occurred during the administration of President George H.W. Bush and ten years after the Torrijos-Carter Treaties were ratified to transfer control of the Panama Canal from the United States to Panama by… Read More