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What was the First Peloponnesian War (460-445 BC)?

Introduction The First Peloponnesian War (460-445 BC) was fought between Sparta as the leaders of the Peloponnesian League and Sparta’s other allies, most notably Thebes, and the Delian League led by Athens with support from Argos. This war consisted of a series of conflicts and minor wars, such as the Second Sacred War. There were… Read More

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What was the Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC)?

Introduction The Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC) was an ancient Greek war fought by the Delian League led by Athens against the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta. Also known as the Second Peloponnesian War (First Peloponnesian War 460-445 BC). Historians have traditionally divided the war into three phases. In the first phase, the Archidamian War, Sparta… Read More

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What was the Russo-Turkish War (1877-1878)?

Introduction The Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878 (24 April 1877 to 03 March 1878) (Turkish: 93 Harbi, lit. ’War of ’93′, named for the year 1293 in the Islamic calendar; Bulgarian: Руско-турска Освободителна война, romanised: Rusko-turska Osvoboditelna vojna, “Russian-Turkish Liberation war”) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian… Read More

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What was the Battle of Drakenburg (1547)?

Introduction The Battle of Drakenburg (German: Schlacht bei Drakenburg) took place on 23 May 1547 to the north of Nienburg, between the Protestant army of the Schmalkaldic League and the imperial troops of Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Prince of Calenberg. It resulted in an imperial defeat. Eric was forced to swim over the Weser… Read More

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What was the Battle of Muhlberg (1547)?

Introduction The Battle of Mühlberg took place near Mühlberg in the Electorate of Saxony in 1547, during the Schmalkaldic War. The Catholic princes of the Holy Roman Empire led by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V decisively defeated the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League of Protestant princes under the command of Elector John Frederick I of Saxony… Read More

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What was the Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547)?

Introduction The Schmalkaldic War (German: Schmalkaldischer Krieg) refers to the short period of violence from 1546 until 1547 between the forces of Emperor Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire (simultaneously King Charles I of Spain), commanded by the Duke of Alba and the Duke of Saxony, and the Lutheran Schmalkaldic League within the domains… Read More