Events

• 936 – Shi Jingtang is enthroned as the first emperor of the Later Jin by Emperor Taizong of Liao, following a revolt against Emperor Fei of Later Tang.
• 1443 – Skanderbeg and his forces liberate Kruja in central Albania and raise the Albanian flag.
• 1470 – Champa–Đại Việt War: Emperor Lê Thánh Tông of Đại Việt formally launches his attack against Champa.
• 1520 – An expedition under the command of Ferdinand Magellan passes through the Strait of Magellan.
• 1627 – The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth Navy has its greatest and last victory in the Battle of Oliwa.
• 1666 – At least 3,000 men of the Royal Scots Army led by Tam Dalyell of the Binns defeat about 900 Covenanter insurgents led by James Wallace of Auchens in the Battle of Rullion Green.
• 1785 – The first Treaty of Hopewell is signed, by which the United States acknowledges Cherokee lands in what is now East Tennessee.
• 1821 – Panama Independence Day: Panama separates from Spain and joins Gran Colombia.
• 1843 – Ka Lā Hui (Hawaiian Independence Day): The Kingdom of Hawaii is officially recognised by the United Kingdom and France as an independent nation.
• 1861 – American Civil War: The Confederate States of America accept a rival state government’s pronouncement that declares Missouri to be the 12th state of the Confederacy.
• 1862 – American Civil War: In the Battle of Cane Hill, Union troops under General James G. Blunt defeat General John Marmaduke’s Confederates.
• 1885 – Bulgarian victory in the Serbo-Bulgarian War preserves the Unification of Bulgaria.
• 1899 – The Second Boer War: A British column is engaged by Boer forces at the Battle of Modder River; although the Boers withdraw, the British suffer heavy casualties.
• 1905 – Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin as a political party with the main aim of establishing a dual monarchy in Ireland.
• 1912 – Albania declares its independence from the Ottoman Empire.
• 1914 – World War I: Following a war-induced closure in July, the New York Stock Exchange re-opens for bond trading.
• 1917 – The Estonian Provincial Assembly declares itself the sovereign power of Estonia.
• 1918 – The Soviet Forces moved against Estonia when the 6th Red Rifle Division struck the border town of Narva, which marked the beginning of the Estonian War of Independence.
• 1920 – FIDAC (The Interallied Federation of War Veterans Organisations), the first international organisation of war veterans is established in Paris, France.
• 1920 – Irish War of Independence: Kilmichael Ambush: The Irish Republican Army ambush a convoy of British Auxiliaries and kill seventeen.
• 1943 – World War II: Tehran Conference: US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill and Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin meet in Tehran, Iran, to discuss war strategy.
• 1958 – Chad, the Republic of the Congo, and Gabon become autonomous republics within the French Community.
• 1958 – First successful flight of SM-65 Atlas; the first operational intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM), developed by the United States and the first member of the Atlas rocket family.
• 1960 – Mauritania becomes independent of France.
• 1964 – Vietnam War: National Security Council members agree to recommend that US President Lyndon B. Johnson adopt a plan for a two-stage escalation of bombing in North Vietnam.
• 1965 – Vietnam War: In response to US President Lyndon B. Johnson’s call for “more flags” in Vietnam.
  • Philippine President-elect Ferdinand Marcos announces he will send troops to help fight in South Vietnam.
• 1966 – Michel Micombero overthrows the monarchy of Burundi and makes himself the first president.
• 1975 – East Timor declares its independence from Portugal.
• 1980 – Iran-Iraq War: Operation Morvarid: The bulk of the Iraqi Navy is destroyed by the Iranian Navy in the Persian Gulf.
  • Commemorated in Iran as Navy Day.
• 1991 – South Ossetia declares independence from Georgia.
• 2020 – Over seven hundred civilians are massacred by the Ethiopian National Defence Force and Eritrean Army in Aksum, Ethiopia.
• Albanian Flag Day, celebrate the independence of Albania from Turkey in 1912, the first Albanian flag raise by Skanderbeg in 1443, and for the new parliamentary constitution in 1998.
• Independence Day (Mauritania), celebrate the independence of Mauritania from France in 1960.
• Independence Day (Panama), celebrate the independence of Panama from Spain in 1821.
• Navy Day (Iran)/
• Proclamation of Independence Day (East Timor), celebrate the independence of East Timor from Portugal in 1975.

People (Births)

• 1640 – Willem de Vlamingh, Flemish captain and explorer (d. 1698).
• 1661 – Edward Hyde, 3rd Earl of Clarendon, English soldier and politician, 14th Colonial Governor of New York (d. 1723).
• 1681 – Jean Cavalier, French rebel leader (d. 1740).
• 1864 – Lindley Miller Garrison, American lawyer and politician, 46th United States Secretary of War (d. 1932).
• 1887 – Ernst Röhm, German soldier and politician (d. 1934).
• 1919 – Keith Miller, Australian cricketer, footballer, and WWII pilot (d. 2004).
• 1933 – Joe Knollenberg, American soldier and politician.
• 1955 – Adem Jashari, Kosovan commander (d. 1998).
• 1958 – Kriss Akabusi, English sprinter and hurdler.
• 1959 – Stephen Roche, Irish cyclist and sportscaster.
• 1969 – Sonia O’Sullivan, Irish athlete.
• 1977 – Acer Nethercott, English rower (d. 2013).

People (Deaths)

• 1675 – Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh, English soldier and politician (b. 1608).
• 1698 – Louis de Buade de Frontenac, French soldier and politician, 3rd Governor General of New France (b. 1622).
• 1785 – William Whipple, American general and politician (b. 1730).
• 1794 – Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben, Prussian-American general (b. 1730).
• 1901 – Moses Dickson, African-American abolitionist, soldier, minister, and founder of The Knights of Liberty (b. 1824).
• 1945 – Dwight F. Davis, American tennis player and politician, 49th United States Secretary of War (b. 1879).
• 1947 – Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, French general (b. 1902).
• 1975 – Peder Furubotn, Norwegian Communist and anti-Nazi Resistance leader (b. 1890).
• 1998 – Kerry Wendell Thornley, American soldier and author (b. 1938).
• 2001 – William Reid, Scottish lieutenant and pilot, Victoria Cross recipient (b. 1921).
• 2008 – Havaldar Gajender Singh, Indian sergeant (b. 1972).
• 2008 – Sandeep Unnikrishnan, Indian soldier (b. 1977).
• 2012 – Zig Ziglar, American soldier and author (b. 1926).
• 2013 – Mitja Ribičič, Italian-Slovenian soldier and politician, 25th Prime Minister of Yugoslavia (b. 1919).