Events

• 1277 – The Treaty of Aberconwy, a humiliating settlement forced on Llywelyn ap Gruffudd by King Edward I of England, brings a temporary end to the Welsh Wars.
• 1313 – Louis the Bavarian defeats his cousin Frederick I of Austria at the Battle of Gammelsdorf.
• 1330 – At the Battle of Posada, Basarab I of Wallachia defeats the Hungarian army of Charles I Robert.
• 1620 – Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sight land at Cape Cod, Massachusetts.
• 1688 – Glorious Revolution: William of Orange captures Exeter.
• 1729 – Spain, France and Great Britain sign the Treaty of Seville.
• 1780 – American Revolutionary War: In the Battle of Fishdam Ford a force of British and Loyalist troops fail in a surprise attack against the South Carolina Patriot militia under Brigadier General Thomas Sumter.
• 1799 – Napoleon Bonaparte leads the Coup of 18 Brumaire ending the Directory government, and becoming First Consul of the successor Consulate Government (refer to French Revolutionary Wars).
• 1862 – American Civil War: Union General Ambrose Burnside assumes command of the Army of the Potomac, after George B. McClellan is removed.
• 1867 – Tokugawa shogunate hands power back to the Emperor of Japan, starting the Meiji Restoration.
• 1881 – Mapuche rebels attack the fortified Chilean settlement of Temuco.
• 1887 – The United States receives rights to Pearl Harbour, Hawaii.
• 1900 – Russia completes its occupation of Manchuria with 100,000 troops.
• 1906 – Theodore Roosevelt is the first sitting President of the United States to make an official trip outside the country.
  • He did so to inspect progress on the Panama Canal.
• 1914 – World War I: SMS Emden is sunk by HMAS Sydney in the Battle of Cocos.
• 1917 – Balfour Declaration published in The Times newspaper.
• 1918 – Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates after the German Revolution, and Germany is proclaimed a Republic.
• 1923 – In Munich, police and government troops crush the Nazi Beer Hall Putsch.
• 1937 – Second Sino-Japanese War: The Chinese Army withdraws from the Battle of Shanghai.
• 1940 – Warsaw is awarded the Virtuti Militari by the Polish government-in-exile.
• 1953 – Cambodia gains independence from France.
• 1965 – A Catholic Worker Movement member, Roger Allen LaPorte, protesting against the Vietnam War, sets himself on fire in front of the United Nations building.
• 1970 – Vietnam War: The Supreme Court of the United States votes 6-3 against hearing a case to allow Massachusetts to enforce its law granting residents the right to refuse military service in an undeclared war.
• 1979 – Cold War: Nuclear false alarm: The NORAD computers and the Alternate National Military Command Centre in Fort Ritchie, Maryland detected purported massive Soviet nuclear strike.
  • After reviewing the raw data from satellites and checking the early-warning radars, the alert is cancelled.
• 1989 – Cold War: Fall of the Berlin Wall: East Germany opens checkpoints in the Berlin Wall, allowing its citizens to travel to West Berlin.
• 1993 – Stari Most, the “old bridge” in the Bosnian city of Mostar, built in 1566, collapses after several days of bombing by Croat forces during the Croat–Bosniak War.
• 2020 – Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: an armistice agreement is signed by Armenia, Azerbaijan and Russia.
• Independence Day, celebrates the independence of Cambodia from France in 1953.

People (Births)

• 1810 – Bernhard von Langenbeck, German general, surgeon, and academic (d. 1887).
• 1825 – A.P. Hill, American general (d. 1865).
• 1829 – Peter Lumsden, English general (d. 1918).
• 1894 – Dietrich von Choltitz, General of the German Army during World War II (d. 1966).
• 1904 – Viktor Brack, German SS officer (d. 1948).
• 1916 – Martha Settle Putney, American lieutenant, historian, and educator (d. 2008).
• 1918 – Florence Chadwick, American swimmer (d. 1995).
• 1918 – Thomas Ferebee, American colonel (d. 2000).
• 1918 – Choi Hong Hi, South Korean general and martial artist, co-founded taekwondo (d. 2002).
• 1920 – Byron De La Beckwith, American assassin of Medgar Evers (a decorated US Army combat veteran) (d. 2001).
• 1970 – Nelson Diebel, American swimmer and coach.

People (Deaths)

• 1770 – John Campbell, 4th Duke of Argyll, Scottish general and politician (b. 1693).
• 1918 – Peter Lumsden, English general (b. 1829).
• 1938 – Vasily Blyukher, Russian marshal (b. 1889).
• 1970 – Charles de Gaulle, French general and politician, 18th President of France (b. 1890).
• 2012 – Joseph D. Early, American soldier and politician (b. 1933).
• 2012 – James L. Stone, American colonel, Medal of Honour recipient (b. 1922).