Events

• 1185 – The Uprising of Asen and Peter begins on the feast day of St. Demetrius of Thessaloniki and ends with the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire.
• 1341 – The Byzantine civil war of 1341-1347 formally begins with the proclamation of John VI Kantakouzenos as Byzantine Emperor.
• 1597 – Imjin War: Korean Admiral Yi Sun-sin routs the Japanese Navy of 300 ships with only 13 ships at the Battle of Myeongnyang.
• 1640 – The Treaty of Ripon is signed, restoring peace between Covenanter Scotland and King Charles.
• 1689 – General Enea Silvio Piccolomini of Austria burns down Skopje to prevent the spread of cholera; he dies of the disease soon afterwards.
• 1774 – American Revolution: The First Continental Congress adjourns in Philadelphia.
• 1813 – War of 1812: A combined force of British regulars, Canadian militia and Mohawks defeat the United States Army in the Battle of the Chateauguay.
• 1860 – Unification of Italy: The Expedition of the Thousand ends when Giuseppe Garibaldi presents his conquests to King Victor Emmanuel of Sardinia.
• 1871 – Liberian President Edward James Roye is deposed in a coup d’état.
• 1905 – King Oscar II recognises the dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden.
• 1909 – Japanese occupation of Korea: An Jung-geun assassinates Japan’s Resident-General of Korea.
• 1912 – First Balkan War: The Ottomans lose the cities of Thessaloniki and Skopje.
• 1917 – World War I: Brazil declares war on the Central Powers.
• 1918 – World War I: Erich Ludendorff, quartermaster-general of the Imperial German Army, is dismissed by Kaiser Wilhelm II for refusing to cooperate in peace negotiations.
• 1942 – World War II: In the Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands during the Guadalcanal Campaign, one US aircraft carrier is sunk and another carrier is heavily damaged, while two Japanese carriers and one cruiser are heavily damaged.
• 1944 – World War II: The Battle of Leyte Gulf ends with an overwhelming American victory.
• 1947 – Partition of India: The Maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu signs the Instrument of Accession with India, beginning the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-1948 and the Kashmir conflict.
• 1955 – After the last Allied troops have left the country, and following the provisions of the Austrian Independence Treaty, Austria declares that it will never join a military alliance.
• 1955 – Ngô Đình Diệm proclaims himself as President of the newly created Republic of Vietnam (refer to Vietnam War).
• 1956 – Hungarian Revolution: In the towns of Mosonmagyaróvár and Esztergom, Hungarian secret police forces massacre civilians.
  • As rebel strongholds in Budapest hold, fighting spreads throughout the country.
• 1967 – Mohammad Reza Pahlavi crowns himself Emperor of Iran.
• 1985 – The Australian government returns ownership of Uluru to the local Pitjantjatjara Aboriginals.
• 1991 – Three months after the end of the Ten-Day War, the last soldier of the Yugoslav People’s Army leaves the territory of the Republic of Slovenia.
• 1994 – Jordan and Israel sign a peace treaty.
• 2002 – Approximately 50 Chechen terrorists and 150 hostages die when Russian special forces troops storm a theatre building in Moscow, which had been occupied by the terrorists during a musical performance three days before.
• Accession Day (Jammu and Kashmir, India).
• Armed Forces Day (Benin).
• National Day, celebrates the anniversary of the Declaration of Neutrality in 1955 (Austria).

People (Births)

• 1473 – Friedrich of Saxony, Grand Master of the Teutonic Knights (d. 1510).
• 1684 – Kurt Christoph Graf von Schwerin, Prussian field marshal (d. 1757).
• 1768 – Eustachy Erazm Sanguszko, Polish general and politician (d. 1844).
• 1800 – Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, Prussian field marshal (d. 1891).
• 1842 – Vasily Vereshchagin, Russian soldier and painter (d. 1904).
• 1883 – Paul Pilgrim, American runner (d. 1958).
• 1884 – William Hogenson, American sprinter (d. 1965).
• 1915 – Ray Crawford, American race car driver, fighter ace, test pilot, and businessman (d. 1996).
• 1916 – Boyd Wagner, American colonel and pilot (d. 1942).
• 1959 – Evo Morales, Bolivian soldier and politician, 80th President of Bolivia.

People (Deaths)

• 1111 – Gómez González, Castilian nobleman and military leader.
• 1609 – Matsudaira Tadayori, Japanese samurai and daimyō (b. 1582).
• 1633 – Horio Tadaharu, Japanese daimyō (b. 1596).
• 1806 – John Graves Simcoe, English general and politician, 1st Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada (b. 1752).
• 1864 – William T. Anderson, American captain (b. 1838).
• 1871 – Robert Anderson (Civil War), American general (b. 1805).
• 1909 – Itō Hirobumi, Japanese samurai and politician, Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1841).
• 1919 – Akashi Motojiro, Japanese general (b. 1864).
• 1937 – Józef Dowbor-Muśnicki, Polish general (b. 1867).
• 1944 – Hiroyoshi Nishizawa, Japanese lieutenant and pilot (b. 1920).
• 1949 – Lionel Halsey, English admiral and courtier (b. 1872).
• 1960 – Toshizō Nishio, Japanese general (b. 1881).
• 1961 – Sadae Inoue, Japanese general (b. 1886).
• 1973 – Semyon Budyonny, Marshal of the Soviet Union (b. 1883).
• 1979 – Park Chung-hee, South Korean general and politician, 3rd President of South Korea (b. 1917).
• 2002 – Jacques Massu, French general (b. 1908).
• 2012 – Alan Stretton, Australian general (b. 1922).
• 2021 – Roh Tae-woo, South Korean general and politician, 6th President of South Korea (b. 1932).