Events

• 680 – The Battle of Karbala marks the Martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali.
• 732 – Charles Martel’s forces defeat an Umayyad army near Tours, France.
• 1471 – Sten Sture the Elder, the Regent of Sweden, with the help of farmers and miners, repels an attack by King Christian I of Denmark.
• 1492 – The crew of Christopher Columbus’s ship, the Santa Maria, attempt a mutiny.
• 1575 – Roman Catholic forces under Henry I, Duke of Guise, defeat the Protestants, capturing Philippe de Mornay among others.
• 1580 – Over 600 Papal troops land in Ireland to support the Second Desmond Rebellion.
• 1631 – Thirty Years’ War: An army of the Electorate of Saxony seizes Prague.
• 1760 – In a treaty with the Dutch colonial authorities, the Ndyuka people of Suriname – descended from escaped slaves – gain territorial autonomy.
• 1814 – War of 1812: The US Revenue Marine attempts to defend the cutter Eagle from the Royal Navy.
• 1845 – In Annapolis, Maryland, the Naval School (later the United States Naval Academy) opens with 50 students.
• 1868 – The Ten Years’ War begins against Spanish rule in Cuba.
• 1911 – The day after a bomb explodes prematurely, the Wuchang Uprising begins against the Chinese monarchy.
• 1913 – US President Woodrow Wilson triggers the explosion of the Gamboa Dike, completing major construction on the Panama Canal.
• 1918 – RMS Leinster is torpedoed and sunk by UB-123, killing 564, the worst-ever on the Irish Sea (refer to World War I).
• 1935 – In Greece, a coup d’état ends the Second Hellenic Republic.
• 1938 – Abiding by the Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia completes its withdrawal from the Sudetenland.
• 1945 – The Double Tenth Agreement is signed by the Communist Party and the Kuomintang about the future of China (refer to Chinese Civil War).
• 1954 – The Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Sultanate of Muscat, Neil Innes, sends a signal to the Sultanate’s forces, accompanied with oil explorers, to penetrate Fahud, marking the beginning of Jebel Akhdar War between the Imamate of Oman and the Sultanate of Muscat.
• 1963 – France cedes control of the Bizerte naval base to Tunisia.
• 1963 – The Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty comes into effect.
• 1964 – The Tokyo Summer Olympics opening ceremony is the first to be relayed live by satellites.
• 1967 – The Outer Space Treaty comes into force.
• 1970 – Fiji becomes independent.
• 1970 – Canada’s October Crisis escalates when Quebec Vice Premier Pierre Laporte is kidnapped by members of the Front de libération du Québec.
• 1980 – The Farabundo Martí National Liberation Front is founded in El Salvador.
• 1985 – US Navy aircraft intercept an Egyptian airliner carrying the perpetrators of the Achille Lauro hijacking, and force it to land in Italy.
• 1998 – A Lignes Aériennes Congolaises jetliner is shot down by rebels in Kindu, Democratic Republic of the Congo, killing 41 people.
• 2002 – Iraq War: The US Congress approves the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002.
• 2010 – The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved as a country.
• Army Day (Sri Lanka).
• Curaçao Day, anniversary of autonomy.
• Double Ten Day (The National Day of Republic of China), celebrates outbreak of the Wuchang Uprising in 1911 that led to founding of the Republic of China in 1912.
• Fiji Day, celebrates the independence of Fiji from United Kingdom in 1970.

People (Births)

• 1678 – John Campbell, 2nd Duke of Argyll, Scottish general and politician, Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland (d. 1743).
• 1825 – Paul Kruger, South African soldier and politician, 5th President of the South African Republic (d. 1904).
• 1837 – Robert Gould Shaw, American colonel (d. 1863).
• 1895 – Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen, German field marshal (d. 1945).
• 1920 – Gail Halvorsen, American air force pilot known as the “Berlin Candy Bomber.” (d. 2022).
• 1935 – Khalil al-Wazir, Palestinian commander, founded Fatah (d. 1988).
• 1951 – Epeli Ganilau, Fijian general and politician, 16th Minister for Fijian Affairs.
• 1961 – Henrik Jørgensen, Danish runner (d. 2019).
• 1963 – Jolanda de Rover, Dutch swimmer.
• 1968 – Bart Brentjens, Dutch cyclist.
• 1970 – Matthew Pinsent, English rower and sportscaster.
• 1985 – Dominique Cornu, Belgian cyclist.
• 1991 – Mariana Pajón, Colombian cyclist.

People (Deaths)

• AD 19 – Germanicus, Roman general (b. 15 BC).
• 1759 – Granville Elliott, English general (b. 1713).
• 1800 – Gabriel Prosser, American rebel leader (b. 1776).
• 1913 – Katsura Tarō, Japanese general and politician, 6th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1848).
• 1942 – Arnold Majewski, Finnish military hero of Polish descent (killed in action) (b. 1892).
• 1949 – Chikuhei Nakajima, Japanese engineer, businessman, and politician, founded Nakajima Aircraft Company (prominent throughout WWII) (b. 1884).
• 1953 – Erima Harvey Northcroft, New Zealand general, lawyer, and judge (b. 1884).
• 1966 – Louise Thuliez, French school teacher, resistance fighter during World War I and World War II and author (b. 1881).
• 1970 – Édouard Daladier, French captain and politician, 105th Prime Minister of France (b. 1884).
• 1978 – Ralph Metcalfe, American sprinter and politician (b. 1910).
• 1998 – Clark Clifford, American captain, lawyer, and politician 9th United States Secretary of Defence (b. 1906).
• 2012 – Basil L. Plumley, American sergeant (b. 1920).
• 2012 – Kyaw Zaw, Burmese commander and politician (b. 1919).
• 2013 – Scott Carpenter, American commander, pilot, and astronaut (b. 1925).
• 2013 – Sohei Miyashita, Japanese politician, Japanese Minister of Defence (b. 1927).