Events

• 314 – Constantine I defeats Roman Emperor Licinius, who loses his European territories.
• 876 – Frankish forces led by Louis the Younger prevent a West Frankish invasion and defeat emperor Charles II (“the Bald”).
• 1322 – Mladen II Šubić of Bribir is deposed as the Croatian Ban after the Battle of Bliska.
• 1480 – The Great Stand on the Ugra River puts an end to Tartar rule over Moscow
• 1573 – End of the Spanish siege of Alkmaar, the first Dutch victory in the Eighty Years’ War.
• 1813 – The Treaty of Ried is signed between Bavaria and Austria.
• 1821 – The Peruvian Navy is established during the War of Independence.
• 1856 – The Second Opium War between several western powers and China begins with the Arrow Incident.
• 1862 – American Civil War: The Confederate invasion of Kentucky is halted at the Battle of Perryville.
• 1879 – War of the Pacific: The Chilean Navy defeats the Peruvian Navy in the Battle of Angamos.
• 1912 – The First Balkan War begins when Montenegro declares war against the Ottoman Empire.
• 1918 – World War I: Corporal Alvin C. York kills 28 German soldiers and captures 132 for which he was awarded the Medal of Honour.
• 1939 – World War II: Germany annexes western Poland.
• 1941 – World War II: During the preliminaries of the Battle of Rostov, German forces reach the Sea of Azov with the capture of Mariupol.
• 1943 – World War II: Around 30 civilians are executed by Friedrich Schubert’s paramilitary group in Kallikratis, Crete.
• 1944 – World War II: Captain Bobbie Brown earns a Medal of Honour for his actions during the Battle of Crucifix Hill, just outside Aachen.
• 1962 – Der Spiegel publishes an article disclosing the sorry state of the Bundeswehr (German Armed Forces), and is soon accused of treason.
• 1967 – Guerrilla leader Che Guevara and his men are captured in Bolivia.
• 1973 – Yom Kippur War: Israel loses more than 150 tanks in a failed attack on Egyptian-occupied positions.
• 1973 – Spyros Markezinis begins his 48-day term as prime minister in an abortive attempt to lead Greece to parliamentary rule.
• 1991 – Upon the expiration of the Brioni Agreement, Croatia and Slovenia sever all official relations with Yugoslavia.
• 2001 – US President George W. Bush announces the establishment of the Office of Homeland Security.
• 2020 – Second Nagorno-Karabakh War: Azerbaijan twice deliberately targeted the Church of the Holy Savior Ghazanchetsots of Shusha.
• Air Force Day (India).
• Navy Day (Peru).

People (Births)

• 1884 – Walther von Reichenau, German field marshal (d. 1942).
• 1890 – Eddie Rickenbacker, American soldier and pilot, Medal of Honour recipient (d. 1973).
• 1890 – Philippe Thys, Belgian cyclist (d. 1971).
• 1895 – Juan Perón, Argentinian general and politician, 29th President of Argentina (d. 1974).
• 1910 – Gus Hall, American soldier and politician (d. 2000).
• 1910 – Ray Lewis, Canadian runner (d. 2003).
• 1947 – Emiel Puttemans, Belgian runner.
• 1958 – Ursula von der Leyen, Belgian-German physician and politician, Defence Minister of Germany.
• 1959 – Carlos I. Noriega, Peruvian-American colonel and astronaut.
• 1965 – Matt Biondi, American swimmer and coach.
• 1970 – Mathieu Ngudjolo Chui, Congolese colonel.
• 1976 – Renate Groenewold, Dutch speed skater and cyclist.
• 1977 – Anne-Caroline Chausson, French cyclist.
• 1982 – Annemiek van Vleuten, Dutch cyclist.
• 1990 – Rachel Klamer, Zimbabwean-Dutch triathlete.

People (Deaths)

• 1621 – Antoine de Montchrestien, French soldier, playwright, and economist (b. 1575).
• 1802 – Emmanuele Vitale, Maltese general and politician (b. 1758).
• 1869 – Franklin Pierce, American general, lawyer, and politician, 14th President of the United States (b. 1804).
• 1879 – Miguel Grau Seminario, Peruvian admiral (b. 1834).
• 1931 – John Monash, Australian general and engineer (b. 1865).
• 1944 – Wendell Willkie, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1892).
  • Willkie appealed to many convention delegates as the Republican field’s only interventionist: although the US remained neutral prior to Pearl Harbour, he favoured greater US involvement in World War II to support Britain and other Allies.
• 1967 – Clement Attlee, English soldier, lawyer, and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1883).
• 1979 – Brian Edmund Baker, English air marshal (b. 1896).
• 1982 – Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker, English runner and politician, Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1889).
• 1985 – Malcolm Ross, American captain, physicist, and balloonist (b. 1919).
• 2012 – Eric Lomax, Scottish captain and author (b. 1919).