Events

• 105 BC – Cimbrian War: Defeat at the Battle of Arausio accelerates the Marian reforms of the Roman army of the mid-Republic.
• 69 BC – Third Mithridatic War: The military of the Roman Republic subdue Armenia.
• AD 23 – Rebels decapitate Wang Mang two days after his capital was sacked during a peasant rebellion.
• 618 – Transition from Sui to Tang: Wang Shichong decisively defeats Li Mi at the Battle of Yanshi.
• 1539 – Spain’s DeSoto expedition takes over the Apalachee capital of Anhaica for their winter quarters.
• 1683 – Immigrant families found Germantown, Pennsylvania in the first major immigration of German people to America.
• 1762 – Seven Years’ War: The British capture Manila from Spain and occupy it.
• 1777 – American Revolutionary War: British forces capture Forts Clinton and Montgomery on the Hudson River.
• 1789 – French Revolution: King Louis XVI is forced to change his residence from Versailles to the Tuileries Palace.
• 1849 – The execution of the 13 Martyrs of Arad after the Hungarian war of independence.
• 1884 – The Naval War College of the United States is founded in Rhode Island.
• 1908 – The Bosnian crisis erupts when Austria-Hungary formally annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina.
• 1915 – World War I: Combined Austro-Hungarian and German Central Powers, reinforced by the recently joined Bulgaria launched a new offensive against Serbia under command of August von Mackensen.
• 1915 – World War I: Entente forces land in Thessaloniki, to open the Macedonian front against the Central Powers.
• 1923 – The Turkish National Movement enters Constantinople.
• 1939 – World War II: The Battle of Kock is the final combat of the September Campaign in Poland.
• 1942 – World War II: American troops force the Japanese from their positions east of the Matanikau River during the Battle of Guadalcanal.
• 1943 – World War II: Thirteen civilians are burnt alive by a paramilitary group in Crete during the Nazi occupation of Greece.
• 1944 – World War II: Units of the 1st Czechoslovak Army Corps enter Czechoslovakia during the Battle of the Dukla Pass.
• 1973 – Egypt and Syria launch coordinated attacks against Israel, beginning the Yom Kippur War.
• 1976 – Dozens are killed by the Thai army in the Thammasat University massacre.
• 1977 – The first prototype of the Mikoyan MiG-29, designated 9-01, makes its maiden flight.
• 1981 – Egyptian President Anwar Sadat is murdered by Islamic extremists.
• 1987 – Fiji becomes a republic.
• Yom Kippur War commemorations:
  • Armed Forces Day (Egypt).
  • Tishreen Liberation Day (Syria).

People (Births)

• 1610 – Charles de Sainte-Maure, duc de Montausier, French general (d. 1690).
• 1716 – George Montagu-Dunk, 2nd Earl of Halifax, English general and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1771).
• 1769 – Isaac Brock, English general and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada (d. 1812).
• 1838 – Giuseppe Cesare Abba, Italian soldier, poet, and author (d. 1910).
• 1888 – Roland Garros, French soldier and pilot (d. 1918).
• 1916 – Chiang Wei-kuo, Japanese-Chinese general (d. 1997).
• 1918 – Goh Keng Swee, Singaporean soldier and politician, 2nd Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2010).
• 1930 – Hafez al-Assad, Syrian general and politician, 20th President of Syria (d. 2000).
• 1941 – Paul Popham, American soldier and activist, co-founded Gay Men’s Health Crisis (d. 1987).
• 1943 – Richard Caborn, English engineer and politician, Minister for Sport and the Olympics.
• 1944 – Patrick Cordingley, English general.
• 1949 – Lonnie Johnson, American inventor:
  • During his time at NASA (1979-1991), Johnson worked on a variety of projects, including the Air Force missions Lab, developing the nuclear power source for the Galileo mission to Jupiter, several weapons-related projects, as well as an engineer on the Mariner Mark ll Spacecraft series for the Comet Rendezvous and Saturn Orbiter Probe missions.
  • He also worked on the stealth bomber programme.
• 1964 – Tom Jager, American swimmer and coach.
• 1979 – Pascal van Assendelft, Dutch sprinter.
• 1980 – Arnaud Coyot, French cyclist (d. 2013).
• 1993 – Adam Gemili, English sprinter.

People (Deaths)

• 836 – Nicetas the Patrician, Byzantine general.
• 997 – Minamoto no Mitsunaka, Japanese samurai (b. 912).
• 1688 – Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of Albemarle, English soldier and politician, Lieutenant Governor of Jamaica (b. 1652).
• 1945 – Leonardo Conti, German SS officer (b. 1900).
• 1980 – Jean Robic, French cyclist (b. 1921).
• 1981 – Anwar Sadat, Egyptian colonel and politician, 3rd President of Egypt, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1918).
• 2006 – Bertha Brouwer, Dutch sprinter (b. 1930).
• 2012 – Chadli Bendjedid, Algerian colonel and politician, 3rd President of Algeria (b. 1929).