Events

• 2457 BC – Gaecheonjeol, Hwanung (환웅) purportedly descended from heaven.
  • South Korea’s National Foundation Day.
• 52 BC – Gallic Wars: Vercingetorix, leader of the Gauls, surrenders to the Romans under Julius Caesar, ending the siege and battle of Alesia.
• 42 BC – Liberators’ civil war: Triumvirs Mark Antony and Octavian fight a decisive battle with Caesar’s assassins Brutus and Cassius.
• 382 – Roman Emperor Theodosius I concludes a peace treaty with the Goths and settles them in the Balkans.
• 1574 – The Siege of Leiden is lifted by the Watergeuzen.
• 1683 – Qing dynasty naval commander Shi Lang receives the surrender of the Tungning kingdom on Taiwan after the Battle of Penghu.
• 1712 – The Duke of Montrose issues a warrant for the arrest of Rob Roy MacGregor.
• 1739 – The Treaty of Niš is signed by the Ottoman Empire and Russia ending the Russian-Turkish War.
• 1792 – A militia departs from the Spanish stronghold of Valdivia to quell a Huilliche uprising in southern Chile.
• 1873 – Chief Kintpuash and companions are hanged for their part in the Modoc War of northern California.
• 1912 – US forces defeat Nicaraguan rebels at the Battle of Coyotepe Hill.
• 1929 – The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes is renamed to Yugoslavia by King Alexander I.
• 1932 – The Kingdom of Iraq gains independence from the United Kingdom.
• 1935 – Second Italo-Abyssinian War: Italy invades Ethiopia.
• 1942 – World War II: A German V-2 rocket reaches a record 85 km (46 nm) in altitude.
• 1943 – World War II: German forces murder 92 civilians in Lingiades, Greece.
• 1951 – Korean War: The First Battle of Maryang San pits Commonwealth troops against communist Chinese troops.
• 1952 – The United Kingdom successfully tests a nuclear weapon in the Montebello Islands, Western Australia, to become the world’s third nuclear power.
• 1963 – A violent coup in Honduras begins two decades of military rule.
• 1981 – The Troubles: The hunger strike at the Maze Prison in Northern Ireland ends after seven months and ten deaths.
• 1989 – A coup in Panama City is suppressed and 11 participants are executed.
• 1990 – The German Democratic Republic is abolished and becomes part of the Federal Republic of Germany; the event is afterwards celebrated as German Unity Day.
• 1993 – An American attack against a warlord in Mogadishu fails; eighteen US soldiers and over 350 Somalis die.
• 2015 – Forty-two people are killed and 33 go missing in the Kunduz hospital airstrike in Afghanistan.
• National Day, celebrates the independence of Iraq from the United Kingdom in 1932.
• National Foundation Day or Gaecheonjeol (South Korea).

People (Births)

• 1800 – George Bancroft, American historian and politician, 17th United States Secretary of the Navy (d. 1891).
• 1886 – Alain-Fournier, French soldier, author, and critic (d. 1914).
• 1894 – Walter Warlimont, German general (d. 1976).
• 1904 – Ernst-Günther Schenck, German colonel and physician (d. 1998).
• 1905 – Tekin Arıburun, Turkish soldier and politician, President of Turkey (d. 1993).
• 1921 – Ray Lindwall, Australian cricketer and soldier (d. 1996).
• 1925 – Simone Segouin (also known as Nicole Minet), French Resistance fighter and partisan.
• 1935 – Charles Duke, American general, pilot, and astronaut.
• 1938 – David Hart Dyke, Royal Navy officer.
• 1940 – Mike Troy, American swimmer (d. 2019).
• 1943 – Jeff Bingaman, American soldier and politician, 25th Attorney General of New Mexico.
• 1965 – Annemarie Verstappen, Dutch swimmer.
• 1969 – Garry Herbert, English rower and sportscaster.
• 1983 – Thiago Alves, Brazilian mixed martial artist.
• 1990 – Johan Le Bon, French cyclist.
• 1991 – Jenny McLoughlin, English sprinter.

People (Deaths)

• 1629 – Giorgi Saakadze, Georgian commander and politician (b. 1570).
• 1656 – Myles Standish, English captain (b. 1584).
• 1801 – Philippe Henri, marquis de Ségur, French general and politician, French Minister of Defence (b. 1724).
• 1833 – François, marquis de Chasseloup-Laubat, French general and engineer (b. 1754).
• 1867 – Elias Howe, American engineer, invented the sewing machine (b. 1819).
• 1877 – Rómulo Díaz de la Vega, Mexican general and president (1855) (b. 1800).
• 1963 – Refet Bele, Turkish general (b. 1877).
• 1993 – Gary Gordon, American sergeant, Medal of Honour recipient (b. 1960).
• 1993 – Randy Shughart, American sergeant, Medal of Honour recipient (b. 1958).
• 2005 – Nurettin Ersin, Turkish general (b. 1918).
• 2006 – Peter Norman, Australian runner (b. 1942).
• 2015 – Denis Healey, English soldier and politician, Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer (b. 1917).