Events

• 1338 – The Battle of Arnemuiden, in which a French force defeats the English, is the first naval battle of the Hundred Years’ War and the first naval battle in which gunpowder artillery is used.
• 1409 – The Battle of Kherlen is the second significant victory over Ming dynasty China by the Mongols since 1368.
• 1459 – The Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Wars of the Roses, is won by the Yorkists.
• 1561 – King Philip II of Spain issues cedula, ordering a halt to colonising efforts in Florida.
• 1641 – The Merchant Royal, carrying a treasure of over 100,000 pounds of gold (worth over £1 billion today), is lost at sea off Land’s End.
• 1779 – American Revolution: John Paul Jones, naval commander of the United States, on board the USS Bonhomme Richard, wins the Battle of Flamborough Head
• 1780 – American Revolution: British Major John André is arrested as a spy by American soldiers exposing Benedict Arnold’s change of sides.
• 1803 – Second Anglo-Maratha War: The Battle of Assaye is fought between the British East India Company and the Maratha Empire in India.
• 1821 – Tripolitsa, Greece, is captured by Greek rebels during the Greek War of Independence.
• 1868 – Grito de Lares (“Lares Revolt”) occurs in Puerto Rico against Spanish rule.
• 1899 – Philippine-American War: The American Asiatic Squadron destroys a Filipino battery at the Battle of Olongapo.
• 1905 – Norway and Sweden sign the Karlstad Treaty, peacefully dissolving the Union between the two countries.
• 1932 – The unification of Saudi Arabia is completed.
• 1938 – The Czechoslovak army is mobilised in response to the Munich Agreement.
• 1942 – World War II: The Matanikau action on Guadalcanal begins: US Marines attack Japanese units along the Matanikau River.
• 1943 – World War II: The Nazi puppet state known as the Italian Social Republic is founded.
• 1950 – Korean War: The Battle of Hill 282 is the first US friendly-fire incident on British military personnel since World War II.
• 1973 – Argentine general election: [General] Juan Perón returns to power in Argentina.
• Holocaust Memorial Day (Lithuania).

People (Births)

• 1791 – Theodor Körner, German soldier and author (d. 1813).
• 1890 – Friedrich Paulus, German Field Marshal (d. 1957).
• 1900 – Bill Stone, English soldier (d. 2009).
• 1936 – Tareq Suheimat, Jordanian physician, general, and politician (d. 2014).
• 1959 – Hans Nijman, Dutch mixed martial artist and wrestler (d. 2014).
• 1961 – William C. McCool, American commander, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2003).
• 1983 – Shane del Rosario, American mixed martial artist and kick-boxer (d. 2013).
• 1983 – Shane del Rosario, American mixed martial artist and kick-boxer (d. 2013).

People (Deaths)

• 1193 – Robert de Sablé, French knight.
• 1573 – Azai Hisamasa, Japanese warlord (b. 1524).
• 1850 – José Gervasio Artigas, Uruguayan general and politician (b. 1764).
• 1913 – Donato Álvarez, Argentinian general (b. 1825).
• 1917 – Werner Voss, German lieutenant and pilot (b. 1897).
• 1992 – James Van Fleet, American general (b. 1892).
• 2009 – Paul B. Fay, American sailor and politician, United States Secretary of the Navy (b. 1918).
• 2012 – Pavel Grachev, Russian general and politician, 1st Minister of Defence for Russia (b. 1948).
• 2013 – Abdel Hamid al-Sarraj, Syrian colonel and politician (b. 1925).