Events

• 1590 – Alexander Farnese’s army forces Henry IV of France to lift the siege of Paris.
• 1622 – A hurricane has overrun a Spanish fleet bound from Havana to Cadiz and sunk the price galleon Atocha.
  • Only 5 men were rescued, but 260 passengers and 200 million pesos were buried with the Atocha under 50 feet of water.
• 1661 – Fall of Nicolas Fouquet: Louis XIV’s Superintendent of Finances is arrested in Nantes by D’Artagnan, captain of the king’s musketeers.
• 1697 – War of the Grand Alliance : A French warship commanded by Captain Pierre Le Moyne d’Iberville defeated an English squadron at the Battle of Hudson’s Bay.
• 1781 – Battle of the Chesapeake in the American Revolutionary War: The British Navy is repelled by the French Navy, contributing to the British surrender at Yorktown.
• 1793 – French Revolution: The French National Convention initiates the Reign of Terror.
• 1798 – Conscription is made mandatory in France by the Jourdan law.
• 1812 – War of 1812: The Siege of Fort Wayne begins when Chief Winamac’s forces attack two soldiers returning from the fort’s outhouses.
• 1839 – The United Kingdom declares war on the Qing dynasty of China.
• 1862 – American Civil War: The Army of Northern Virginia crosses the Potomac River at White’s Ford in the Maryland Campaign.
• 1877 – American Indian Wars: Oglala Sioux chief Crazy Horse is bayoneted by a United States soldier after resisting confinement in a guardhouse at Fort Robinson in Nebraska.
• 1905 – Russo-Japanese War: In New Hampshire, United States, the Treaty of Portsmouth, mediated by US President Theodore Roosevelt, ends the war.
• 1914 – World War I: First Battle of the Marne begins. Northeast of Paris, the French attack and defeat German forces who are advancing on the capital.
• 1915 – The pacifist Zimmerwald Conference begins.
• 1932 – The French Upper Volta is broken apart between Ivory Coast, French Sudan, and Niger.
• 1937 – Spanish Civil War: Llanes falls to the Nationalists following a one-day siege.
• 1938 – Chile: A group of youths affiliated with the fascist National Socialist Movement of Chile are executed after surrendering during a failed coup.
• 1941 – World War II: Whole territory of Estonia is occupied by Nazi Germany.
• 1942 – World War II: Japanese high command orders withdrawal at Milne Bay, the first major Japanese defeat in land warfare during the Pacific War.
• 1943 – World War II: The 503rd Parachute Infantry Regiment lands and occupies Lae Nadzab Airport, near Lae in the Salamaua–Lae campaign.
• 1944 – World War II: Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg constitute Benelux.
• 1945 – Cold War: Igor Gouzenko, a Soviet Union embassy clerk, defects to Canada, exposing Soviet espionage in North America, signalling the beginning of the Cold War.
• 1945 – Iva Toguri D’Aquino, a Japanese American suspected of being wartime radio propagandist Tokyo Rose, is arrested in Yokohama.
• 1948 – In France, Robert Schuman becomes President of the Council while being Foreign minister; as such, he is the negotiator of the major treaties of the end of World War II.
• 1957 – Cuban Revolution: Fulgencio Batista bombs the revolt in Cienfuegos.
• 1969 – Vietnam War: My Lai Massacre: US Army Lieutenant William Calley is charged with six specifications of premeditated murder for the death of 109 Vietnamese civilians in My Lai.
• 1970 – Vietnam War: Operation Jefferson Glenn begins: The United States 101st Airborne Division and the South Vietnamese 1st Infantry Division initiate a new operation in Thừa Thiên–Huế Province.
• 1972 – Munich massacre: A Palestinian terrorist group called “Black September” attacks and takes hostage 11 Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympic Games.
  • Two die in the attack and nine are murdered the following day.
• 1978 – Arab-Israeli Conflict: Camp David Accords: Menachem Begin and Anwar Sadat begin peace discussions at Camp David, Maryland.
• 1990 – Sri Lankan Civil War: Sri Lankan Army soldiers slaughter 158 civilians.
• 2012 – An accidental explosion at a Turkish Army ammunition store in Afyon, western Turkey kills 25 soldiers and wounds four others.
• 2021 – The President of Guinea, Alpha Condé is captured by armed forces during a coup d’état.
• The flag-flying day for Denmark’s deployed personnel (Denmark).

People (Births)

• 1567 – Date Masamune, Japanese daimyō (d. 1636).
• 1769 – John Shortland, English commander (d. 1810).
• 1775 – Juan Martín Díez, Spanish general (d. 1825).
• 1806 – Christophe Léon Louis Juchault de Lamoricière, French general and politician, French Minister of War (d. 1865).
• 1836 – Justiniano Borgoño, Peruvian soldier and politician, 57th President of Peru (d. 1921).
• 1873 – Cornelius Vanderbilt III, American general and engineer (d. 1942).
• 1876 – Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb, German field marshal (d. 1956).
• 1905 – Maurice Challe, French general (d. 1979).
• 1919 – Elisabeth Volkenrath, German SS officer (d. 1945).
• 1923 – David Hamer, Australian captain and politician (d. 2002).
• 1929 – Andriyan Nikolayev, Russian general, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2004).
• 1957 – Peter Winnen, Dutch cyclist.
• 1981 – Daniel Moreno, Spanish cyclist.
• 1984 – Chris Anker Sørensen, Danish cyclist (d. 2021).
• 1994 – Gregorio Paltrinieri, Italian swimmer.

People (Deaths)

• 1803 – Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French general and author (b. 1741).
• 1876 – Manuel Blanco Encalada, Chilean admiral and politician, 1st President of Chile (b. 1790).
• 1894 – George Stoneman, Jr., United States Army cavalry officer (b. 1822).
• 1898 – Sarah Emma Edmonds, Canadian-American nurse, soldier, and spy (b. 1841).
• 1912 – Arthur MacArthur, Jr., US Army Lieutenant General, Medal of Honour recipient (b. 1845).
• 1930 – Robert Means Thompson, American soldier, businessman, and philanthropist (b. 1849).
• 1942 – François de Labouchère, French soldier and pilot (b. 1917).
• 1982 – Douglas Bader, English captain and pilot (b. 1910).
• 1986 – Neerja Bhanot, Indian model and youngest recipient of country’s highest peacetime military award Ashok Chakra (b. 1963).
• 1999 – Alan Clark, English historian and politician, Minister for Defence Procurement (b. 1928).
• 2005 – Roberto Viaux, Chilean general (b. 1917).