Events

• 870 – The city of Melite surrenders to an Aghlabid army following a siege, putting an end to Byzantine Malta.
• 1315 – Battle of Montecatini: The army of the Republic of Pisa, commanded by Uguccione della Faggiuola, wins a decisive victory against the joint forces of the Kingdom of Naples and the Republic of Florence despite being outnumbered.
• 1350 – Battle of Winchelsea (or Les Espagnols sur Mer): The English naval fleet under King Edward III defeats a Castilian fleet of 40 ships.
• 1475 – The Treaty of Picquigny ends a brief war between the kingdoms of France and England.
• 1498 – Vasco da Gama decides to depart Calicut and return to Kingdom of Portugal.
• 1521 – The Ottoman Turks capture Nándorfehérvár (Belgrade).
• 1526 – Battle of Mohács: The Ottoman Turks led by Suleiman the Magnificent defeat and kill the last Jagiellonian king of Hungary and Bohemia.
• 1541 – The Ottoman Turks capture Buda, the capital of the Hungarian Kingdom.
• 1728 – The city of Nuuk in Greenland is founded as the fort of Godt-Haab by the royal governor Claus Paarss.
• 1756 – Frederick the Great attacks Saxony, beginning the Seven Years’ War in Europe.
• 1758 – The Treaty of Easton establishes the first American Indian reservation, at Indian Mills, New Jersey, for the Lenape.
• 1778 – American Revolutionary War: British and American forces battle indecisively at the Battle of Rhode Island.
• 1779 – American Revolutionary War: American forces battle and defeat the British and Iroquois forces at the Battle of Newtown.
• 1786 – Shays’ Rebellion, an armed uprising of Massachusetts farmers, begins in response to high debt and tax burdens.
• 1807 – British troops under Sir Arthur Wellesley defeat a Danish militia outside Copenhagen in the Battle of Køge.
• 1831 – Michael Faraday discovers electromagnetic induction.
• 1842 – Treaty of Nanking signing ends the First Opium War.
• 1861 – American Civil War: The Battle of Hatteras Inlet Batteries gives Federal forces control of Pamlico Sound.
• 1871 – Emperor Meiji orders the abolition of the han system and the establishment of prefectures as local centres of administration (Traditional Japanese date: 14 July 1871).
• 1903 – The Slava, the last of the five Borodino-class battleships, is launched.
• 1910 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910, also known as the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty, becomes effective, officially starting the period of Japanese rule in Korea.
• 1911 – Ishi, considered the last Native American to make contact with European Americans, emerges from the wilderness of northeastern California.
• 1911 – The Canadian Naval Service becomes the Royal Canadian Navy.
• 1914 – World War I: Start of the Battle of St. Quentin in which the French Fifth Army counter-attacked the invading Germans at Saint-Quentin, Aisne.
• 1915 – US Navy salvage divers raise F-4, the first US submarine sunk in an accident.
• 1916 – The United States passes the Philippine Autonomy Act.
• 1918 – World War I: Bapaume taken by the New Zealand Division in the Hundred Days Offensive.
• 1941 – World War II: Tallinn, the capital of Estonia, is occupied by Nazi Germany following an occupation by the Soviet Union.
• 1943 – World War II: German-occupied Denmark scuttles most of its navy; Germany dissolves the Danish government.
• 1944 – World War II: Slovak National Uprising takes place as 60,000 Slovak troops turn against the Nazis.
• 1949 – Soviet atomic bomb project: The Soviet Union tests its first atomic bomb, known as First Lightning or Joe 1, at Semipalatinsk, Kazakhstan.
• 1950 – Korean War: British troops arrive in Korea to bolster the US presence there.
• 1958 – United States Air Force Academy opens in Colorado Springs, Colorado.
• 1970 – Chicano Moratorium against the Vietnam War, East Los Angeles, California.
  • Police riot kills three people, including journalist Rubén Salazar.
• 1991 – Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union suspends all activities of the Soviet Communist Party.
• 1997 – Netflix is launched as an internet DVD rental service.
• 1997 – At least 98 villagers are killed by the Armed Islamic Group of Algeria GIA in the Rais massacre, Algeria.
• Day of Remembrance of the Defenders of Ukraine (Ukraine).
• Slovak National Uprising Anniversary (Slovakia).

People (Births)

• 1347 – John Hastings, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, English nobleman and soldier (d. 1375).
• 1514 – García Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Marquis of Villafranca, Spanish noble and admiral (d. 1577).
• 1597 – Henry Gage, Royalist officer in the English Civil War (d. 1645).
• 1628 – John Granville, 1st Earl of Bath, English soldier and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Ireland (d. 1701).
• 1756 – Count Heinrich von Bellegarde, Austrian general and politician (d. 1845).
• 1890 – Peder Furubotn, Norwegian Communist and anti-Nazi Resistance leader (d.1975).
• 1912 – Sohn Kee-chung, South Korean runner (d. 2002).
• 1920 – Otis Boykin, American inventor and engineer (d. 1982), whose inventions include electrical resistors used in computing, missile guidance, and pacemakers.
• 1923 – Richard Attenborough, English actor, director, and producer (d. 2014).
• 1936 – John McCain, American captain and politician (d. 2018).
• 1937 – James Florio, American commander, lawyer, and politician, 49th Governor of New Jersey.
• 1945 – Wyomia Tyus, American sprinter.
• 1950 – Dave Reichert, American soldier and politician.
• 1959 – Chris Hadfield, Canadian colonel, pilot, and astronaut.
• 1979 – Stijn Devolder, Belgian cyclist.
• 1979 – Kristjan Rahnu, Estonian decathlete.
• 1981 – Geneviève Jeanson, Canadian cyclist.

People (Deaths)

• 1542 – Cristóvão da Gama, Portuguese commander (b. 1516).
• 1866 – Tokugawa Iemochi, Japanese shōgun (b. 1846).
• 1889 – Stefan Dunjov, Bulgarian colonel (b. 1815).
• 1891 – Pierre Lallement, French businessman, invented the bicycle (b. 1843).
• 1968 – Ulysses S. Grant III, American general (b. 1881).
• 1975 – Éamon de Valera, Irish soldier and politician, 3rd President of Ireland (b. 1882).