Events

• 477 BC – Battle of the Cremera as part of the Roman–Etruscan Wars. Veii ambushes and defeats the Roman army.
• 387 BC – Roman-Gaulish Wars: Battle of the Allia: A Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, leading to the subsequent sacking of Rome.
• 362 – Roman-Persian Wars: Emperor Julian arrives at Antioch with a Roman expeditionary force (60,000 men) and stays there for nine months to launch a campaign against the Persian Empire.
• 452 – Sack of Aquileia: After an earlier defeat on the Catalaunian Plains, Attila lays siege to the metropolis of Aquileia and eventually destroys it.
• 645 – Chinese forces under general Li Shiji besiege the strategic fortress city of Anshi (Liaoning) during the Goguryeo–Tang War.
• 1389 – France and England agree to the Truce of Leulinghem, inaugurating a 13-year peace, the longest period of sustained peace during the Hundred Years’ War.
• 1391 – Tokhtamysh-Timur war: Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur defeats Tokhtamysh of the Golden Horde in present-day southeast Russia.
• 1555 – The College of Arms is reincorporated by Royal charter signed by Queen Mary I of England and King Philip II of Spain.
• 1806 – A gunpowder magazine explosion in Birgu, Malta, kills around 200 people.
• 1812 – The Treaties of Orebro end both the Anglo-Russian and Anglo-Swedish Wars.
• 1857 – Louis Faidherbe, French governor of Senegal, arrives to relieve French forces at Kayes, effectively ending El Hajj Umar Tall’s war against the French.
• 1863 – American Civil War: Second Battle of Fort Wagner: One of the first formal African American military units, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, supported by several white regiments, attempts an unsuccessful assault on Confederate-held Battery Wagner.
• 1914 – The US Congress forms the Aviation Section, US Signal Corps, giving official status to aircraft within the US Army for the first time.
• 1925 – Adolf Hitler publishes Mein Kampf.
• 1936 – Spanish Civil War: On the Spanish mainland, a faction of the army supported by fascists, rises up against the Second Spanish Republic in a coup d’état starting the 3-year-long Civil War, resulting in the longest dictatorship in modern European history.
• 1942 – World War II: During the Beisfjord massacre in Norway, 15 Norwegian paramilitary guards help members of the SS to kill 288 political prisoners from Yugoslavia.
• 1942 – World War II: The Germans test fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 using its jet engines for the first time.
• 1944 – World War II: Hideki Tōjō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan because of numerous setbacks in the war effort.
• 1966 – A racially charged incident in a bar sparks the six-day Hough riots in Cleveland, Ohio; 1,700 Ohio National Guard troops intervene to restore order.
• 1982 – Two hundred sixty-eight Guatemalan campesinos (“peasants” or “country people”) are slain in the Plan de Sánchez massacre.
• 1992 – A picture of Les Horribles Cernettes was taken, which became the first ever photo posted to the World Wide Web.
• 1994 – Rwandan genocide: The Rwandan Patriotic Front takes control of Gisenyi and north western Rwanda, forcing the interim government into Zaire and ending the genocide.
• 1996 – Battle of Mullaitivu: The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam capture the Sri Lanka Army’s base, killing over 1200 soldiers.
• 2014 – The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant requires Christians to either accept dhimmi status, emigrate from ISIL lands, or be killed.

People (Births)

• 1886 – Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr., American general (d. 1945).
• 1887 – Vidkun Quisling, Norwegian military officer and politician, Minister President of Norway (d. 1945).
• 1893 – David Ogilvy, 12th Earl of Airlie, Scottish peer, soldier and courtier (d. 1968).
• 1899 – Ernst Scheller, German soldier and politician, 8th Mayor of Marburg (d. 1942).
• 1909 – Mohammed Daoud Khan, Afghan commander and politician, 1st President of Afghanistan (d. 1978).
• 1914 – Gino Bartali, Italian cyclist (d. 2000).
• 1915 – Louis Le Bailly, British Royal Navy officer (d. 2010).
• 1921 – John Glenn, American colonel, astronaut, and politician (d. 2016).
• 1924 – Inge Sørensen, Danish swimmer (d. 2011).
• 1925 – Shirley Strickland, Australian runner and hurdler (d. 2004).
• 1944 – David Hemery, English hurdler and author.
• 1966 – Dan O’Brien, American decathlete and coach.
• 1983 – Mikk Pahapill, Estonian decathlete.
• 1997 – Noah Lyles, American sprinter.

People (Deaths)

• 715 – Muhammad bin Qasim, Umayyad general (b. 695).
• 1100 – Godfrey of Bouillon, Frankish knight (b. 1016).
• 1639 – Bernard of Saxe-Weimar, German general (b. 1604).
• 1650 – Robert Levinz, English Royalist, hanged in London by Parliamentary forces as a spy (b. 1615).
• 1730 – François de Neufville, duc de Villeroy, French general (b. 1644).
• 1792 – John Paul Jones, Scottish-American admiral and diplomat (b. 1747).
• 1837 – Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant and rebel leader (b. 1777).
• 1863 – Robert Gould Shaw, American colonel (b. 1837).
• 1949 – Francisco Javier Arana, Guatemalan Army colonel and briefly Guatemalan head of state (b.1905).
• 2005 – Amy Gillett, Australian cyclist and rower (b. 1976).
• 2005 – William Westmoreland, American general (b. 1914).
• 2009 – Henry Allingham, English soldier (b. 1896).
• 2012 – Dawoud Rajiha, Syrian general and politician, Syrian Minister of Defence (b. 1947).
• 2012 – Assef Shawkat, Syrian general and politician (b. 1950).
• 2012 – Hasan Turkmani, Syrian general and politician, Syrian Minister of Defence (b. 1935).
• 2018 – Adrian Cronauer, former US Air Force sergeant and radio personality (b. 1938).