Events

• 363 – The Roman emperor Julian defeats the Sasanian army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Sasanian capital, but is unable to take the city.
• 1108 – Battle of Uclés: Almoravid troops under the command of Tamim ibn Yusuf defeat a Castile and León alliance under the command of Prince Sancho Alfónsez.
• 1167 – Battle of Monte Porzio: A Roman army supporting Pope Alexander III is defeated by Christian of Buch and Rainald of Dassel.
• 1176 – Battle of Legnano: The Lombard League defeats Emperor Frederick I.
• 1233 – Mongol-Jin War: The Mongols entered Kaifeng after a successful siege and began looting in the fallen capital of the Jin dynasty.
• 1416 – Battle of Gallipoli: The Venetians under Pietro Loredan defeat a much larger Ottoman fleet off Gallipoli.
• 1453 – Fall of Constantinople: Ottoman armies under Sultan Mehmed II Fatih capture Constantinople after a 53-day siege, ending the Byzantine Empire.
• 1658 – Battle of Samugarh: decisive battle in the struggle for the throne during the Mughal war of succession (1658-1659).
• 1660 – English Restoration: Charles II is restored to the throne of England, Scotland and Ireland.
• 1780 – American Revolutionary War: At the Battle of Waxhaws, the British continue attacking after the Continentals lay down their arms, killing 113 and critically wounding all but 53 that remained.
• 1798 – United Irishmen Rebellion: Between 300 and 500 United Irishmen are executed as rebels by the British Army in County Kildare, Ireland.
• 1864 – Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico arrives in Mexico for the first time.
• 1867 – The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (“the Compromise”) is born through Act 12, which establishes the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
• 1886 – The pharmacist John Pemberton places his first advertisement for Coca-Cola, which appeared in The Atlanta Journal.
• 1900 – N’Djamena is founded as Fort-Lamy by the French commander Émile Gentil.
• 1903 – In the May Coup, Alexander I, King of Serbia, and Queen Draga, are assassinated in Belgrade by the Black Hand (Crna Ruka) organisation.
• 1918 – Armenia defeats the Ottoman Army in the Battle of Sardarabad.
• 1919 – Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity is tested (later confirmed) by Arthur Eddington and Andrew Claude de la Cherois Crommelin.
• 1931 – Michele Schirru, a citizen of the United States, is executed by a Royal Italian Army firing squad for intent to kill Benito Mussolini.
• 1932 – World War I veterans begin to assemble in Washington, D.C., in the Bonus Army to request cash bonuses promised to them to be paid in 1945.
• 1935 – First flight of the Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighter aeroplane.
• 1945 – First combat mission of the Consolidated B-32 Dominator heavy bomber.
• 1948 – United Nations Truce Supervision Organisation is founded.
• 1964 – The Arab League meets in East Jerusalem to discuss the Palestinian question, leading to the formation of the Palestine Liberation Organisation.
• 1964 – Having deposed them in a January coup South Vietnamese leader Nguyễn Khánh had rival Generals Tran Van Don and Le Van Kim convicted of “lax morality”.
• 1982 – Falklands War: the British Army defeats the Argentine Army at the Battle of Goose Green.
• 1985 – Amputee Steve Fonyo completes cross-Canada marathon at Victoria, British Columbia, after 14 months.
• 1988 – The US President Ronald Reagan begins his first visit to the Soviet Union when he arrives in Moscow for a superpower summit with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev.
• 1989 – Signing of an agreement between Egypt and the United States, allowing the manufacture of parts of the F-16 jet fighter plane in Egypt.
• 1990 – The Congress of People’s Deputies of Russia elects Boris Yeltsin as President of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic.
• 1993 – The Miss Sarajevo beauty pageant is held in war-torn Sarajevo drawing global attention to the plight of its citizens.
• 1999 – Olusegun Obasanjo takes office as President of Nigeria, the first elected and civilian head of state in Nigeria after 16 years of military rule.
• 2004 – The National World War II Memorial is dedicated in Washington, D.C.
• 2005 – France rejects the Constitution of the European Union in a national referendum.
• Army Day (Argentina).
• International Day of United Nations Peacekeepers (International).
• Veterans Day (Sweden).

People (Births)

• 1555 – George Carew, 1st Earl of Totnes, English Earl, general and administrator (d. 1629).
• 1594 – Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim, Bavarian field marshal (d. 1632).
• 1722 – James FitzGerald, 1st Duke of Leinster, Irish soldier and politician (d. 1773).
• 1899 – Douglas Abbott, Canadian lawyer and politician, 10th Canadian Minister of Defence (d. 1987).
• 1904 – Hubert Opperman, Australian cyclist and politician (d. 1996).
• 1907 – Hartland Molson, Canadian captain and politician (d. 2002).
• 1910 – Ralph Metcalfe, American sprinter and politician (d. 1978).
• 1923 – John Parker, 6th Earl of Morley, English colonel and politician, Lord Lieutenant of Devon (d. 2015).
• 1944 – Quentin Davies, English soldier and politician, Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
• 1955 – Frank Baumgartl, German runner (d. 2010).
• 1974 – Steve Cardenas, American martial artist and retired actor.
• 1982 – Nataliya Dobrynska, Ukrainian heptathlete.
• 1988 – Muath Al-Kasasbeh, Jordanian captain and pilot (d. 2015).
• 1993 – Grete Šadeiko, Estonian heptathlete.

People (Deaths)

• 1405 – Philippe de Mézières, French soldier and author (b. 1327).
• 1453 – Ulubatlı Hasan, Ottoman commander (b. 1428).
• 1500 – Bartolomeu Dias, Portuguese explorer and navigator (b. 1451).
• 1691 – Cornelis Tromp, Dutch admiral (b. 1629).
• 1790 – Israel Putnam, American general (b. 1718).
• 1796 – Carl Fredrik Pechlin, Swedish general and politician (b. 1720).
• 1847 – Emmanuel de Grouchy, Marquis de Grouchy, French general (b. 1766).
• 1866 – Winfield Scott, American general, lawyer, and politician (b. 1786).
• 1919 – Robert Bacon, American colonel and politician, 39th United States Secretary of State (b. 1860).
• 1920 – Carlos Deltour, French rower (b. 1864).
• 1946 – Martin Gottfried Weiss, German SS officer (b. 1905).
• 1951 – Dimitrios Levidis, Greek-French soldier and composer (b. 1885).
• 1998 – Barry Goldwater, American general, activist, and politician (b. 1909).
• 2005 – George Rochberg, American soldier and composer (b. 1918).
• 2011 – Bill Clements, American soldier and politician, 42nd Governor of Texas (b. 1917).
• 2013 – Wali-ur-Rehman, Pakistani commander (b. 1970).
• 2015 – Henry Carr, American football player and sprinter (b. 1942).
• 2017 – Manuel Noriega, Panamanian general and politician, Military Leader of Panama (b. 1934).
• 2017 – Mordechai Tzipori, Israeli Lieutenant General and minister (b. 1924).