Events

• 756 – An Lushan, leader of a revolt against the Tang Dynasty, declares himself emperor and establishes the state of Yan.
• 789 – Idris I reaches Volubilis and founds the Idrisid dynasty, marking the secession of Morocco from the Abbasid caliphate and founding the first Moroccan state.
• 1576 – Henry of Navarre abjures Catholicism at Tours and rejoins the Protestant forces in the French Wars of Religion.
• 1649 – Charles Stuart, the son of King Charles I, is declared King Charles II of England and Scotland by the Scottish Parliament.
• 1782 – Spanish defeat British forces and capture Menorca.
• 1807 – HMS Blenheim and HMS Java disappear off the coast of Rodrigues.
• 1810 – Peninsular War: Siege of Cádiz begins (refer to French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars).
• 1859 – Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Prince of Moldavia, is also elected as prince of Wallachia, joining the two principalities as a personal union called the United Principalities, an autonomous region within the Ottoman Empire, which ushered in the birth of the modern Romanian state.
• 1862 – Moldavia and Wallachia formally unite to create the Romanian United Principalities.
• 1885 – King Leopold II of Belgium establishes the Congo as a personal possession.
• 1907 – Belgian chemist Leo Baekeland announces the creation of Bakelite, the world’s first synthetic plastic.
• 1913 – Greek military aviators, Michael Moutoussis and Aristeidis Moraitinis perform the first naval air mission in history, with a Farman MF.7 hydroplane.
• 1918 – Stephen W. Thompson shoots down a German airplane; this is the first aerial victory by the US military.
• 1918 – SS Tuscania is torpedoed off the coast of Ireland; it is the first ship carrying American troops to Europe to be torpedoed and sunk.
• 1924 – The Royal Greenwich Observatory begins broadcasting the hourly time signals known as the Greenwich Time Signal.
• 1933 – Mutiny on Royal Netherlands Navy warship HNLMS De Zeven Provinciën off the coast of Sumatra, Dutch East Indies.
• 1939 – Generalísimo Francisco Franco becomes the 68th “Caudillo de España”, or Leader of Spain.
• 1941 – World War II: Allied forces begin the Battle of Keren to capture Keren, Eritrea.
• 1945 – World War II: General Douglas MacArthur returns to Manila.
• 1958 – Gamal Abdel Nasser is nominated to be the first president of the United Arab Republic.
• 1958 – A hydrogen bomb known as the Tybee Bomb is lost by the US Air Force off the coast of Savannah, Georgia, never to be recovered.
• 1962 – French President Charles de Gaulle calls for Algeria to be granted independence.
• 1975 – Riots break in Lima, Peru after the police forces go on strike the day before.
  • The uprising (locally known as the Limazo) is bloodily suppressed by the military dictatorship.
• 1985 – Ugo Vetere, then the mayor of Rome, and Chedli Klibi, then the mayor of Carthage meet in Tunis to sign a treaty of friendship officially ending the Third Punic War which lasted 2,131 years.
• 1994 – Markale massacres, more than 60 people are killed and some 200 wounded as a mortar shell explodes in a downtown marketplace in Sarajevo.
• 2000 – Russian forces massacre at least 60 civilians in the Novye Aldi suburb of Grozny, Chechnya.
• 2004 – Rebels from the Revolutionary Artibonite Resistance Front capture the city of Gonaïves, starting the 2004 Haiti rebellion.

People (Births)

• 1534 – Giovanni de’ Bardi, Italian soldier, composer, and critic (d. 1612).
• 1650 – Anne Jules de Noailles, French general (d. 1708).
• 1788 – Robert Peel, English lieutenant and politician, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1850).
• 1840 – Hiram Maxim, American engineer, invented the Maxim gun (d. 1916).
• 1848 – Ignacio Carrera Pinto, Chilean lieutenant (d. 1882).
• 1852 – Terauchi Masatake, Japanese field marshal and politician, 9th Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1919).
• 1889 – Recep Peker, Turkish officer and politician (d. 1950).
• 1891 – Renato Petronio, Italian rower (d. 1976).
• 1897 – Dirk Stikker, Dutch businessman and politician, 3rd Secretary General of NATO (d. 1979).
• 1900 – Adlai Stevenson II, American soldier, politician, and diplomat, 5th United States Ambassador to the United Nations (d. 1965).
• 1908 – Marie Baron, Dutch swimmer and diver (d. 1948).
• 1935 – Johannes Geldenhuys, South African military commander (d. 2018).
• 1937 – Gaston Roelants, Belgian runner.
• 1978 – Samuel Sánchez, Spanish cyclist.
• 1987 – Donald Sanford, American-Israeli sprinter.

People (Deaths)

• 1766 – Count Leopold Joseph von Daun, Austrian field marshal (b. 1705).
• 1807 – Pasquale Paoli, Corsican commander and politician (b. 1725).
• 1948 – Johannes Blaskowitz, German general (b. 1883).
• 2005 – Gnassingbé Eyadéma, Togolese general and politician, President of Togo (b. 1937).
• 2007 – Leo T. McCarthy, New Zealand-American soldier, lawyer, and politician, 43rd Lieutenant Governor of California (b. 1930).
• 2012 – Jo Zwaan, Dutch sprinter (b. 1922).
• 2013 – Tom McGuigan, New Zealand soldier and politician, 23rd New Zealand Minister of Health (b. 1921).
• 2016 – Ciriaco Cañete, Filipino martial artist (b. 1919).